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                    <title>[WORK IN PROGRESS]<lb/>The <hi rend="it">Piers Plowman</hi> Electronic Archive<lb/>Cambridge
                         University Library, MS Dd.1.17 (C)</title>
                    <author>William Langland</author>
                    <editor role="editor">Edited by Hoyt N. Duggan</editor>
                  <!--  <editor id="mgd" role="associate">Associate Editors: M. Gail Duggan and
                         Catherine A. Farley</editor>
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                         <resp>
                              <hi rend="bold">Graduate Research Assistants</hi>
                         </resp>
                         <name>Patricia Bart, Michael Blum, John Ivor Carlson, Stephen C. Martin,
                              William Plail.</name>
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                    <respStmt>
                         <resp>
                              <hi rend="bold">Computer Consultants and Programmers</hi>
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                         <name> Daniel Pitti, David Seaman, Thornton Staples, and John
                              Unsworth.</name>
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               <publicationStmt>
                    <p>Work in progress. All components of this edition including the transcription, facsimile images, and notes are unfinished and provisional. Editions in progress are made available at the discretion of the editors and are intended solely for the use of Archive editors and staff. Please do not reproduce or share materials from works in progress without permission of the editors. All rights reserved. </p>
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               <langUsage default="NO">
                    <language id="lat">Latin</language>
                    <language id="fre">French</language>
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     <text>
          <body>
               <div1 n="Introduction" type="part" org="uniform" sample="complete">
                    <head>Introduction</head>
                    <p> TO BE COMPLETED LATER</p>
                    <!-- 
<DIV2 N="physdesc" TYPE="part">
<HEAD>Description of the Manuscript: Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17</HEAD>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="Date">
<HEAD>Date:</HEAD>
<P>S. xiv/xv. The texts are all in one hand, the English in Anglicana Formata, and an enlarged and somewhat formalised version of this as the display script for Latin lines, Latin words within English lines and for the Latin incipits in red. George Kane and E. Talbot Donaldson compare the hand of the Ellesmere manuscript,<NOTE>George Kane and E. Talbot Donaldson, eds., <TITLE>Piers Plowman: The B Version</TITLE> (London: Athlone Press, 1975, 2nd impression 1988), pp. 13-14.</NOTE> and A. I. Doyle adds that the script "in certain respects resembles that of a prolific Staffordshire scribe of the same period and in others that of the scribe of the Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts of the <TITLE>Canterbury Tales</TITLE>."<NOTE>A. I. Doyle, "Remarks on Surviving Manuscripts of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE>," in <TITLE>Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature: Essays in Honour of George H. Russell</TITLE>, ed. Gregory Kratzmann and James Simpson (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986), pp. 35-48 (quotation on p. 39). In a letter of 23 November 1999, Dr Doyle informs Thorlac Turville-Petre that the "prolific Staffordshire scribe" is the <TITLE>Prick of Conscience</TITLE> "Lichfield Master," found in Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson A.389, London, British Library, Harley 1205, Manchester, John Rylands, Eng. 50, London, College of Arms 57, and Cambridge, Trinity College 383 (R.3.8), but Dr Doyle now thinks that this shows only that "scribes arrived simultaneously at similar modes of an anglicana formata."</NOTE> Doyle further remarks that its opening illuminated capital "I" is "of late fourteenth century style, not with those features which appear in metropolitan work very soon after 1400."</P>

</DIV3>
<DIV3 type="section" N="Contents">
<HEAD>Contents:</HEAD>
<P>147 vellum leaves (with two paper leaves at head and two at end). On iir (the second paper leaf) is written in a hand of the 17th century:
<Q TYPE="block">In this volume are</Q>
<Q TYPE="block">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Piers Plowman</Q>
<Q TYPE="block">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A Treatise on Sin</Q>
<Q></Q>
The first of these titles is repeated on iiv and the second at the top of 131r.</P>

<P>There are two booklets, as follows:</P>

<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Booklet 1 (fols. 1-130):</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">William Langland, <TITLE>Piers Plowman, the B Version</TITLE>, chosen by Wright (hence the sigil W), Kane-Donaldson, and Schmidt as their base version.</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label"></CELL><CELL ROLE="data">begins "In a somer seson whan softe was &thorn;e sonne"</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="label"></CELL><CELL ROLE="data">ends  "And si&thorn;&thorn;e he gradde after Grace til I gan awake Explicit hic Dialogus Petri Plowman"<NOTE>Other manuscripts of the B Version with this explicit are C, C<HI REND="sup">2</HI>, G, L, M, O and Y.</NOTE></CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>
<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Booklet 2 (fols. 131-47):</CELL>
<CELL ROLE="data">fols. 131r-147r   Richard Rolle, <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE>.</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="label"></CELL><CELL ROLE="data">begins  "In euery synful man or womman &thorn;at is bounden in dedly synne"</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="label"></CELL><CELL ROLE="data">ends   "&thorn;e grace of Iesu crist be wi&thorn; &thorn;ee and kepe &thorn;ee Amen"</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="label"></CELL><CELL ROLE="data">fol. 147r-v  "Crist made to man a fair present" (<TITLE>IMEV</TITLE> 611)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="label"></CELL><CELL ROLE="data">ends  "And loue in loue shal make fyn Amen"</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>

<P>Doyle<NOTE>A. I. Doyle, "Remarks on Surviving Manuscripts of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE>," in <TITLE>Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature: Essays in Honour of George H. Russell</TITLE>, ed. Gregory Kratzmann and James Simpson (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986), p. 39.</NOTE> notes that the last two items on fols. 131r-147v are an addition, their texts found together also in Huntington Library HM 127, and Ralph Hanna explores this further.<NOTE>Ralph Hanna III, <TITLE>Index of Middle English Prose, Handlist 1, A Handlist of Manuscripts in the Henry E. Huntington Library</TITLE> (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1984), 12-13; Ralph Hanna III, "Notes toward a Future History of Middle English Literature: Two Copies of Richard Rolle's <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE>," in <TITLE>Chaucer in Perspective</TITLE>, ed. Geoffrey Lester (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999), pp. 279-300.</NOTE> Editors have shown that the versions of these items as recorded in the two manuscripts are closely related.<NOTE>On the <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE> (sigla T<HI REND="sup">2</HI> and H) see the edition by S. J. Ogilvie-Thomson (1988), <TITLE>Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse</TITLE>, EETS 293 (Oxford, 1988), pp. lii-lxv, esp. p. lx. In the earlier edition by Hope Emily Allen, <TITLE>Writings Ascribed to Richard Rolle</TITLE> (London, 1927), Allen overlooks the text of the <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE> in W. On "Crist made to man" (sigla T and P) see the edition by Carleton Brown, <TITLE>Religious Lyrics of the XIVth Century</TITLE> (Oxford, 1924), no. 90 and p. 273.</NOTE></P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="Collation">
<HEAD>Collation:</HEAD>

<P>The binding is tight, but there are thick binding stubs of about six leaves dividing the two booklets (between fols. 130 and 131) and after fols. 16, 40, 64, 88 and 112 to gather groups of quires. The collation can be determined from the catchwords at the ends of quires 1-16 and 18, thus on the versos of fols. 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104, 112, 120, 128, 138, boxed in red with some highlighting in red. Modern quire and folio numbers are in pencil. </P>

<P>1-16<HI REND="sup">8</HI>, 17<HI REND="sup">2</HI> (ending at fol. 130, a booklet boundary), 18<HI REND="sup">8</HI>, 19<HI REND="sup">10</HI> (lacks 10).</P>

<P>Quires, folios and divisions of text correspond as follows:</P>

<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Two leaves at head, numbered i, ii</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">i: 8, ff. 1-8</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">WP.1-W2.12</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">ii: 8, ff. 9-16</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W2.13-W3.220</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">iii: 8, ff. 17-24</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W3.221-W5.98</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">iv: 8, ff. 25-32</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W5.99-W5.543</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">v: 8, ff. 33-40</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W5.544-W6.338</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">vi: 8, ff. 41-48</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W7.1-W9.97</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">vii: 8, ff. 49-56</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W9.98-W10.323</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">viii: 8, ff. 57-64</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W10.324-W11.291</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">ix: 8, ff. 65-72</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W11.292-W13.16</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">x: 8, ff. 73-80</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W13.17-W14.43</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xi: 8, ff. 81-88</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W14.44-W15.153</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xii: 8, ff. 89-96</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W15.154-W16.10</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xiii: 8, ff. 97-104</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W16.11-W17.181</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xiv: 8, ff. 105-112</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W17.182-W18.292</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xv: 8, ff. 113-120</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W18.293-W19.311</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xvi: 8, 121-128</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W19.312-W20.286</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xvii: 2, ff. 129-130 (booklet boundary).</CELL><CELL ROLE="place">W20.287-W20.385</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xviii: 8, ff. 131-138</CELL><CELL ROLE="place"><TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE>, "In euery synful man...appetit of mete. And ofte &thorn;ov"</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">xix: 10-1, ff. 139-147</CELL><CELL ROLE="place"><TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE>, "shalt be in qwaches as &thorn;ow";<note> This is 1.448 in <title>The Form of Living</title>, ed. S. H. Ogilvie-Thomson, <title>Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse</title>, EETS 293 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).</note> "Crist made to man a fair present"</CELL></ROW>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Two endleaves, numbered 147a and 147b.</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></p>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" n="description">
<HEAD>Physical Description:</HEAD>


<P>Overall 290 x 190mm. The leaves have been cropped with some loss of marginalia (e.g. fols. 24v, 25v, 26v) and occasionally text (e.g. fols. 67v, 78r, 115r). There is no loss in the gutter, notwithstanding the apparent loss in a few of the photographs. Fol. 1r has dark stains at the edges from binding and is rubbed in the left margin leaving some text very faint but legible. Fols. 3-4 are creased down the centre. Otherwise the manuscript is in excellent condition.</P>


</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" n="Arrangment of page">

<HEAD>Arrangement of Page:</HEAD>

<P>Fols. 1r-130v (<TITLE>Piers</TITLE>) written in long lines, ruled (often very faintly, but for a clear example see fols. 53v-54r) for 33-35 lines per page, with a written space of 225-235 x 145-165mm. The prose text on fols. 131r-147r is written in double columns, with a written space of 235 x 135mm, with 34 lines per column.</P>

</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" n="Handwriting">
<HEAD>Handwriting:</HEAD>

<P>The main body of English text is written in Anglicana Formata similar in its features to that of the Hengwrt-Ellesmere scribe.<NOTE>See A. I. Doyle and M. B. Parkes, "A Paleographical Introduction," in <TITLE>The Canterbury Tales. Geoffrey Chaucer. A Facsimile and Transcription of the Hengwrt Manuscript, with Variants from the Ellesmere Manuscript, A Variorum Edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer</TITLE>, vol. 1, ed. Paul G. Ruggiers (Norman, Okla., 1979), pp. xix-xlix; A. I. Doyle, "The Copyist of the Ellesmere <TITLE>Canterbury Tales</TITLE>," in <TITLE>The Ellesmere Chaucer: Essays in Interpretation</TITLE>, ed. Martin Stevens and Daniel Woodward (San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, and Tokyo: Yoshudo, 1995), pp. 49-67.</NOTE> The hand is expert, well formed, and generally uniform.</P>

<P>For headings and Latin lines the scribe uses a larger and bolder version of this script, with more or less of the broken minims and angled strokes characteristic of Bastard Anglicana.<NOTE>See the foot of fol. 3r, WP.132-7 for the more formal style of this script in the text.</NOTE> The same enlarged Anglicana (which we have for convenience regularly tagged as Bastard Anglicana) is used for some individual words within English lines. In most cases, but not always, the enlarged script is surrounded by a red box.<NOTE>For a list of "Words Emphasized" in manuscripts of the B Version, see C. David Benson and Lynne S. Blanchfield, <TITLE>The Manuscripts of Piers Plowman: the B-version</TITLE> (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1997). Those in W are listed on pp. 160-2, with comparative tables on pp. 238-313.</NOTE> Since there is some variety in size in his normal script, there are instances of words, both boxed and unboxed, where it is impossible to be certain that the scribe intended enlarged characters and where we have tagged according to our own judgment.</P>

<P>The &lt;a&gt; nearly always has a double compartment, and the single-compartment secretary version is very rarely used (fol. 24r,
W5.64 "garte"<figure entity="IMG000"></figure>).<NOTE>The single-lobed 
&lt;a&gt; is found in the Hengwrt-Ellesmere scribe's side-notes, but very rarely in the formal script of the text. Doyle and Parkes suggest that its presence in the text "may be due to inadvertence." See A. I. Doyle and M. B. Parkes, "A Paleographical Introduction," in <TITLE>The Canterbury
Tales. Geoffrey Chaucer. A Facsimile and Transcription of the
Hengwrt Manuscript, with Variants from the Ellesmere Manuscript,
A Variorum Edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer</TITLE>, vol. 1, ed. Paul G. Ruggiers (Norman, OK: Pilgrim Press, 1979), pp. xxxv-xxxvi.</NOTE> There are three forms of &lt;A&gt;: much the most common is an enlarged version of the double-compartment &lt;a&gt;,<figure entity="IMG001"></figure> but there is also a single-compartment form with a curved head and angular bowl (e.g. fol. 47v, W9.16 "Anima"<figure entity="IMG002"></figure>), and a straight two-legged form used for various types of elaboration at the top of the page (e.g. fols. 10v,<figure entity="IMG003"></figure> 100v<figure entity="IMG004"></figure>). All three forms can be seen on fol. 11v.<figure entity="IMG005"></figure> </P>

<P>&lt;D&gt; may be an enlargement of the small letter (fol. 5v, W1.28 "Dide"<figure entity="IMG006"></figure>), or with a rounded back (fol. 4v, WP.209 "Deuyne"<figure entity="IMG007"></figure>), or with an open headstroke and a line through the bowl (fol. 4v, WP.224 "Dieu",<figure entity="IMG009"></figure> fol. 5v, W1.29 "Delited"<figure entity="IMG008"></figure>), or the form resembling the modern capital (fol. 9v, W2.40 "Domine"<figure entity="IMG010"></figure>). The round form of &lt;e&gt; is occasionally used at the end of a word (fol. 51v, W10.18 "wolle",<figure entity="IMG011"></figure> W10.27 "ille"<figure entity="IMG012"></figure>). </P>

<P>&lt;H&gt; is usually distinguished from &lt;h&gt; by a loop through the ascender and sometimes a looped tail (fol. 18v, W3.319 "Huntynge"<figure entity="IMG013"></figure>), but the distinction is not always clear (e.g. fol. 93v, W15.408, "He"<figure entity="IMG014"></figure>). &lt;I&gt; has a pronounced loop or hook;<figure entity="IMG015"></figure> &lt;i&gt; has a curved tick when in proximity to other minims.<figure entity="IMG016"></figure> </P>

<P>&lt;M&gt; is quite often used within the line. It is distinguished from &lt;m&gt; by a final tail curving to the left, though there may be no distinction in size. For several clear examples, see fol. 22v, e.g. W4.162<figure entity="IMGA171"></figure> and W4.181.<figure entity="IMGA172"></figure></P>

<P>Long &lt;r&gt;<figure entity="IMG017"></figure> is often joined to the next letter, while the 2-shaped form of &lt;r&gt; is used particularly after &lt;o&gt; (fol. 69v, W12.122 "or",<figure entity="IMG018"></figure> W12.140 "Pastores"<figure entity="IMG019"></figure>). </P>

<P>Long &lt;s&gt;<figure entity="IMG021"></figure> is used medially, the sigma-shaped &lt;s&gt; at the beginning of words, and 8-shaped &lt;s&gt; at the end.<figure entity="IMG022"></figure> The last two appear in normal distribution on fol. 1r, WP.8 "bournes syde".<figure entity="IMG023"></figure> &lt;S&gt;<figure entity="IMG024"></figure> is a more-or-less enlarged form of sigma-shaped &lt;s&gt;. </P>

<P>&lt;T&gt;<figure entity="IMG025"></figure> is variable in form and often quite complex; the loop often circles back to the top stroke enclosing the whole letter (see fol. 1v for examples<figure entity="IMG026"></figure>). There are two forms of &lt;v&gt; with the first stroke curving backward<figure entity="IMG027"></figure> or forward.<figure entity="IMG028"></figure> The form of &lt;w&gt; is often elaborate and indistinguishable from &lt;W&gt;.<figure entity="IMG030"></figure> </P>

<P>The forms of &lt;y&gt; and &lt;&thorn;&gt; are quite distinct, since the descender of &lt;y&gt; has a pronounced curve, so that the dot often written above it is unnecessary. The dot over &lt;y&gt; may take the form of a large curl (e.g. on fol. 56r "gilty" W10.271,<figure entity="IMG031"></figure> "wor&thorn;y" W10.273,<figure entity="IMG032"></figure> "ywar" W10.287<figure entity="IMG033"></figure>). On the top line of fol. 4r the scribe has dotted &lt;&thorn;&gt; in error (WP.167 "shewe&thorn;"<figure entity="IMG034"></figure>). There are only two examples of the <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">littera notabilior</HI></FOREIGN> &lt;&THORN;&gt;, both on fol. 61v (W11.103 and 112). Otherwise the scribe uses &lt;Th&gt;.</P>

<P>There are often flourishes on final &lt;-c&gt;,<figure entity="IMG035"></figure> &lt;-d&gt;,<figure entity="IMG036"></figure> &lt;-g&gt;,<figure entity="IMG037"></figure> &lt;-k&gt;,<figure entity="IMG038"></figure> &lt;-p&gt;,<figure entity="IMG039"></figure> &lt;-r&gt;,<figure entity="IMG040"></figure> &lt;-t&gt;,<figure entity="IMG041"></figure> and bars through &lt;-h&gt;<figure entity="IMG042"></figure> and &lt;-ll&gt;;<figure entity="IMG043"></figure> for further description of these and the interpretation of them see "Transcription of the Manuscript."</P>

<P>There is very little correction by the scribe.  A few miswritten words are neatly erased with corrections overwritten, and missing words are occasionally inserted, see e.g. W20.60, W20.146.  There is no subpunction, and there are no words crossed through, although at W19.156 a wrongly placed punctus has a line through it.</P>
</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="Decoration">
<HEAD>Decoration and Textual Presentation:</HEAD>

<P>The largest textual division of <TITLE>Piers</TITLE> is the passus, clearly marked with a centred Bastard Anglicana Latin incipit in red enclosed in a decorative box and usually completed with a tremolo-like flourish with a knot.<figure entity="IMG044"></figure><NOTE>The heading of Passus 7 (fol. 41r) is without the flourish.</NOTE>   The passus headings include the division of the poem into "Visio" (passus I-VII), "Dowel" (VIII-XIV), "Dobet" (XV-XVIII) and "Dobest" (XIX-XX). On the model of the Visio with its prologue, Dobet and Dobest are each allotted a preliminary passus, so that XV is headed "Passus xvus &amp;c finit do wel & incipit do bet," and XVI follows with ". . . primus de Dobet"; XIX has ". . . incipit dobest," and XX ". . . primus de Dobest." This is also the scheme in L and Cr, though not in M. However, Dowel begins in confusion in W, with VIII as "viijus de visione & primus de Dowel," IX as ". . . primus de Dobet," and X as ". . . iius de Dowel," after which the scheme is dropped until XV. This probably reflects confusion in W's exemplar. L and M have similar headings for VIII and X, but they have nothing other than the passus number for IX (with an illegible guide for the rubricator in L). Cr makes only superficial sense, with VIII as ". . . inquisicio prima de dowell," IX as ". . . primus de dowel," and X as ". . . "secundus de dowel."<NOTE>For a study see Robert Adams, "The Reliability of the Rubrics in the B-Text of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE>," <TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE> 54 (1985), 208-31.</NOTE></P>

<P>Each passus begins with a large ornamental capital. On fol. 1r is a fine illuminated capital "I" of 10 lines (70mm) with a vinet.<figure entity="IMG045"></figure> The initials at the head of each passus are in blue ink on a red background, typically measuring between 25mm x 25mm, but up to 32mm x 30mm (passus 8 on fol. 45r).<figure entity="IMG046"></figure> There are eight slightly smaller initials, typically measuring 20mm x 18mm, but up to 25mm x 25mm on fol. 4v, at the following points: WP.208 (fol. 4v),<figure entity="IMG047"></figure> W2.117 (fol. 10v),<figure entity="IMG048"></figure> W7.158 (fol. 43v),<figure entity="IMG049"></figure> W8.62 (fol. 46r),<figure entity="IMG050"></figure> W10.383 (fol. 58r),<figure entity="IMG051"></figure> W11.324 (fol. 65v),<figure entity="IMG052"></figure> W16.184 (fol. 99v),<figure entity="IMG053"></figure> W20.50 (fol. 124v).<figure entity="IMG054"></figure> Each of these marks a major turning point, usually relating to the dreamer's comments about his own experience, but in two cases, W2.117 and W16.184, introducing important new speakers. Ascenders at the top of the page are extended often with tremolo strokes as decoration. There are particularly elaborate versions of this top-of-page ornamentation with touches in red at, for example, fol. 40v (W6.310),<figure entity="IMG055"></figure> fol. 66v (W11.378),<figure entity="IMG056"></figure> fol. 112v (W18.264),<figure entity="IMG057"></figure> and fol. 116r (W19.20).<figure entity="IMG058"></figure> There are in a few cases similar decorations on letters at line-end, generally on &lt;-s&gt; at the end of a line of Latin, e.g. W7.42 (fol. 41v),<figure entity="IMG059"></figure> W8.21 (fol. 45r),<figure entity="IMG060"></figure> W9.196 (fol. 50v),<figure entity="IMG061"></figure> W11.185 (fol. 63r),<figure entity="IMG062"></figure> W11.230 (fol. 63v),<figure entity="IMG063"></figure> W11.313 (fol. 65r),<figure entity="IMG064"></figure> W14.227 (fol. 84r),<figure entity="IMG065"></figure> W16.254 (fol. 101r),<figure entity="IMG066"></figure> but there are also examples in English contexts, on "hungry" W6.197 (fol. 38v),<figure entity="IMG067"></figure> "clerkes" and "Iesus" W15.88 and 93 (fol. 87v).<figure entity="IMG068"></figure></P>

<P><TITLE>Piers</TITLE> is divided into verse paragraphs, with paraphs of blue and red, generally alternating though all blue on fols. 1r and 9r. Blank spaces are left between marked verse paragraphs and before and after Latin lines.<NOTE>At W14.66 and W15.22 the paragraph is marked by a space followed by a rubricated letter rather than a paraph.  At W2.9 a paraph has been inserted in error; there is no preceding space.</NOTE> Doyle compares L, R, M, and Y, B-Text manuscripts that may come from a commercial London workshop but have west midland dialect characteristics.<NOTE>A. I. Doyle, "Remarks on Surviving Manuscripts of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE>," in <TITLE>Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature: Essays in Honour of George H. Russell</TITLE>, ed. Gregory Kratzmann and James Simpson (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986), pp. 39-40.</NOTE> Double virgule guidemarks appear beside paraphs on top lines (e.g. on fols. 2v,<figure entity="IMG070"></figure> 60v,<figure entity="IMG071"></figure> 98r,<figure entity="IMG072"></figure> 116v,<figure entity="IMG073"></figure>) because in this position there was no preceding blank space to act as a guide. Rarely the double virgule appears with a paraph after a space (e.g. WP.11 (fol. 1r),<figure entity="IMG074"></figure> W2.160 (fol. 11v)<figure entity="IMG075"></figure>). On a few occasions it appears at the top of a page with a coloured letter instead of a paraph; e.g. fol. 4v (WP.198),<figure entity="IMG076"></figure> fol. 22r (W4.130),<figure entity="IMG077"></figure> fol. 34r (W5.602).<figure entity="IMG078"></figure></P>

<P>The Latin lines or words are enlarged and usually enclosed in a box of red ink (W13.252 and 259 on fol. 77r<figure entity="IMG079"></figure> are exceptions to this), and frequently the first letter of the Latin is highlighted with a fleck of red. The boxed text is often completed with a flourish in the text ink, and the box itself flourished in red ink; there is a good example of both on fol. 23v (W5.40),<figure entity="IMG080"></figure> and on fol. 24r (W5.58)<figure entity="IMG081"></figure> where a final flourished &lt;-s&gt; is followed by a brown tremolo line-filler with a knot and a knotted red tremolo to complete the box.</P>


<P>The prose <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE> is written in double columns. It begins on fol. 131r with a 3-line "I" (25mm x 20mm) in blue with red and blue flourishes extending the length of the top and left border. There is some use of top-of-page ornamentation. There are 2-line flourished initial letters to indicate major sections throughout the work, and smaller divisions are marked by paraphs alternating in red and blue. The double virgule to guide the paraph usually remains, with clear examples on fol. 132v col. 2, and fol. 140v col. 2. Letters following paraph signs are flecked in red. Some words and phrases are in enlarged Anglicana and are boxed in red; these may be Latin expressions (e.g. "Aue maria" on fol. 134r col. 1), or words highlighted as guides to the ensuing argument (e.g. fol. 140r foot of col. 2, fol. 142r col. 1-2). The scribe has written names and other significant items in the margin and boxed them in red: e.g. "Ierome" and "Bernard" on fol. 132r.<figure entity="IMG082"></figure></P>

<P>The lyric "Crist made to man a fair present" begins a third of the way down the second column of fol. 147r, with a space between it and the end of the <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE>. It starts with a 2-line flourished initial "C." Coloured capitals in alternating red and blue have been added over the letters in text-ink at lines 5, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 33, 37 and 41, and the first letter of each line is touched in red. Rhyming groups are indicated by braces on the right.</P>

</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="Punctuation">
<HEAD>Punctuation:</HEAD>

<P>Each line of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE> begins with a <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">littera notabilior</HI></FOREIGN>, and we have so interpreted those that are not distinct in shape from the small form of the letter. The caesura of <TITLE>Piers</TITLE> is regularly marked with a punctus. Occasionally the punctus is repeated in the line (W11.304), sometimes because the scribe has placed the first too early (e.g. in W19.156 where the first punctus is crossed through). Occasionally, also, the punctus is omitted (e.g. W11.6) or insufficient space is left for it, presumably because the scribe has forgotten it and inserted it afterwards. The same form of punctuation is used for the Latin lines more inconsistently, sometimes with a mid-line punctus and sometimes without (see W1.32-3). The punctus elevatus is occasionally used to punctuate the longer Latin quotations, e.g. W15.40 (fol. 86v). It is only twice used to mark the caesura, once after a boxed Latin quotation, W7.140 (fol. 43v), and once in a wholly English context, W6.146 (fol. 37v). The virgule is occasionally used to punctuate a list, more often in Latin, but sometimes also in English text, e.g. W12.34-5 (fol. 68r). On fol. 1r every line ends with a punctus, but thereafter the final punctus is found only very sporadically.</P>

<P>A <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">nota</HI></FOREIGN> (shaped like the punctus elevatus without its dot) is possibly used to mark direct speech in W4.67 (fol. 20v).<figure entity="IMG083"></figure></P>

<P>In the prose <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE> the punctus is used for syntactic pauses. There is very occasional use of the virgule (fol. 140v col. 1). The medial punctus is used in some lines of the lyric "Crist made to man a fair present."</P>

</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="Marginalia">
<HEAD>Marginalia:</HEAD>

<P>A number of different hands contribute marginalia and other additions.</P>

<P>(i) In the right margin of fol. 1r a fifteenth-century scribe has written names which are partly legible, of which "vont" or "bont," "John" and "Rychard" are clear. The same hand has written "Jon Ryc" on fol. 87r between W15.44-5. At least some of the many scribbles at the end of the manuscript (fol. 147v) may be in the same hand, trying out different scripts, some quoting the text on that page, including "Sum be &lt;...&gt; and fyn," "loue thy nebur loue," "And loue in loue shal (<HI REND="it">or</HI> shill) make fyn Amen," "Soo muhe," and finally "low wher y ly my mother ys schilde and lytyll or nothyng y ywe."</P>

<P>(ii) On fol. 4r (against WP.195),<figure entity="IMG084"></figure> fol. 5v (W1.38),<figure entity="IMG085"></figure> and fol. 6v (W1.86)<figure entity="IMG085a"></figure> a fifteenth-century hand has written the phrase "a feyrse."</P>

<P>(iii) At the foot of fol. 1v a contemporary hand has written "And heppyd stanys" (smudged),<figure entity="IMG069"></figure> prompted by the last words on that page. What is probably the same hand writes "haue m(er)cy" at the foot of fol. 28r, repeating the first words of W5.290.<figure entity="IMG094"></figure></P>

<P>(iv) On fol. 32r a hand not much later than the text hand has copied W5.494 immediately below that line, in a darker ink that has blotted onto the facing page.<figure entity="IMG029"></figure></P>

<P>(v) On fol. 56r a hand perhaps of the later fifteenth century has written an underlined "no(ta)" against W10.274 and 280.<figure entity="IMG086"></figure> Perhaps the same hand wrote similar <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">notae</HI></FOREIGN> on fol. 88r (W15.124)<figure entity="IMG087"></figure> and fol. 92r (W15.348),<figure entity="IMG088"></figure> and a boxed Latin note, "no(ta) q(uod) a(n)i(m)a h(ab)et ix no(m)i(n)a," in the lower left margin of fol. 86v.<figure entity="IMG089"></figure> On fol. 132v in the <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE> is a Latin note probably in the same hand.<figure entity="IMG090"></figure></P>

<P>(vi) On fol. 77r (against W13.271) a sixteenth-century hand has written "Stratford" in the right margin,<figure entity="IMG091"></figure> and on fol. 77v "1350" in the left margin.<figure entity="IMG092"></figure></P>

<P>(vii) Other unidentifiable marginalia are on fol. 37v to the left of W6.154 a post-medieval "no(ta),"<figure entity="IMG095"></figure> on fol. 57r a "no,"<figure entity="IMG096"></figure> and fol. 59v a faint "no(ta),"<figure entity="IMG097"></figure> and on fol. 86v a smudged copy of the beginning of W15.22.<figure entity="IMG098"></figure></P>

<P>(viii) Also unidentifiable is the hand (or hands) responsible for the numerous <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">notae</HI></FOREIGN> symbols in the margins usually to the right of the text line. The sign shows considerable variation in shape: it appears as a punctus elevatus without its point, an "n" followed by a horizontal stroke or loop (compare W5.200 with W5.204 on fol. 26v)<figure entity="IMG100"></figure> or a 7-shaped arrow (fol. 39v).<figure entity="IMG099"></figure><NOTE>See M. B. Parkes, <TITLE>Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West</TITLE> (Aldershot, 1992), and his comments on the diple, pp. 57-60, 303.</NOTE> Occasionally these mark <FOREIGN LANG="lat">sententiae</FOREIGN>, but more often there seems no obvious motivation for these <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">notae</HI></FOREIGN>. On a few leaves (e.g. fol. 45v<figure entity="IMG093"></figure>) almost every line is so marked. It seems unlikely that these were written by the main scribe; if so he was using a darker ink and wrote them at a later stage. They are distinct in shape from the main scribe's end-of-line fillers in the boxed Latin lines and the decoration of the red boxes themselves with their "n"-shapes with or without knots. These are in the brown ink of the text or in the red ink of the boxes. Whoever added the <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">notae</HI></FOREIGN> began on fol. 6v and finally gave up the practice after thus marking six of the first seven lines of fol. 72r (W12.262-7). The few marks on later folios are quite distinct and in the brown ink of the scribal hand (e.g. on fol. 116v against W19.60, on fol. 120v a punctus elevatus without its point against W19.282).</P>

</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="Binding">
<HEAD>Binding:</HEAD>

<P>The binding is seventeenth-century leather, with on the front and back the arms of George Willmer, viz. between a chevron three eagles' heads between two wings expanded, surmounted by a crest of an eagle's head as in the arms, and the motto "Expertus Credo." The binding has five stations, with a bookplate of the arms of Trinity College on the inside front cover. The endleaves ii and 147b have a chalice watermark. There is a parchment binding stub inside the front and back cover from a fourteenth-century Latin document mentioning the name "Huysshe" frequently, as well as "Elizabeth vx&lt;..&gt;," "Johannem Eynsshe," and the place-names "Ludwell" and "Gaynsford." On the stubs bound in between fols. 130-1 is a fragment of a fifteenth-century English text in a hand of the late fifteenth/early sixteenth century, of which "towards the said Mr Fellowes &amp; &lt;...&gt;ollen the said Samuell" can be read.</P>

</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="Provenance">
<HEAD>Provenance:</HEAD>

<P>The manuscript was given to the college by George Willmer, JP for Middlesex, a major benefactor to Trinity College, who died in 1626.<NOTE>Montague Rhodes James, <TITLE>The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge</TITLE>, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900), i, pp. 480-1 (no. 359).</NOTE> Nothing is known of its earlier history.</P>
</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="Previous Descriptions">
<HEAD>Previous Descriptions:</HEAD>

<BIBL N="biblio">C. David Benson and Lynne S. Blanchfield, <TITLE>The Manuscripts of Piers Plowman: the B-version</TITLE> (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1997), pp. 57-9, 159-63.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">A. I. Doyle, "Remarks on Surviving Manuscripts of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE>," in <TITLE>Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature: Essays in Honour of George H. Russell</TITLE>, ed. Gregory Kratzmann and James Simpson (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986), pp. 35-48.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Montague Rhodes James, <TITLE>The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge</TITLE>, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900), i, pp. 480-1 (no. 359).</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">George Kane and E. Talbot Donaldson, eds., <TITLE>Piers Plowman: The B Version</TITLE> (London: Athlone Press, 1975, 2nd impression 1988), pp. 13-14.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">S. J. Ogilvie-Thomson (1988), <TITLE>Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse</TITLE>, EETS 293 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. xl (T<HI REND="sup">2</HI>).</BIBL>

</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section" N="Editorial Method">
<HEAD>Editorial Method</HEAD>
<p></P>
<DIV3 type="section" N="transcription">
<HEAD>Transcription of the Manuscript:</HEAD>

<P>We have expanded the scribe's regular abbreviations and suspensions. Resolved abbreviations appear in italics, or as roman characters where italics are used for Bastard Anglicana script. In English words the scribe uses a superscript &lt;t&gt; in <HI REND="it">&thorn;(a)t</HI><figure entity="IMG101"></figure> and <HI REND="it">w(i)t(h)</HI>,<figure entity="IMG102"></figure> and indicates with a superscript vowel the omission of &lt;r&gt; before the vowel, as in <HI REND="it">c(ri)stene</HI><figure entity="IMG103"></figure> or <HI REND="it">t(ra)uaille</HI>.<figure entity="IMG104"></figure><NOTE>The superscript for &lt;ra&gt; represents &lt;a&gt; alone in <HI REND="it">walsyngh(a)m</HI> (W5.231).<figure entity="IMG105"></figure></NOTE> At the end and within a word, &lt;er&gt; is indicated by a loop, as in <HI REND="it">&thorn;(er)to</HI><figure entity="IMG106"></figure> or <HI REND="it">v(er)tue</HI>,<figure entity="IMG107"></figure> and &lt;ur&gt; by a superscript, as in <HI REND="it">faito(ur)s</HI>.<figure entity="IMG108"></figure> A bar through the descender of &lt;p&gt; represents either &lt;per&gt; or &lt;par&gt;, as in <HI REND="it">p(er)ils</HI><figure entity="IMG109"></figure> and <HI REND="it">P(ar)doners</HI>;<figure entity="IMG110"></figure> a loop through the descender indicates &lt;pro&gt;, as in <HI REND="it">p(ro)phetes</HI>,<figure entity="IMG111"></figure> while &lt;re&gt; is represented by either a backward or a forward loop after the &lt;p&gt;, as in <HI REND="it">P(re)ntices</HI> (W3.226),<figure entity="IMG112"></figure> and <HI REND="it">p(re)sent</HI> (W4.97).<figure entity="IMG113"></figure> A slanting line through long &lt;s&gt; represents &lt;ser&gt; as in <HI REND="it">s(er)uen</HI>.<figure entity="IMG114"></figure> A curved stroke over a vowel represents a nasal as in <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">virtutu(m)</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG115"></figure> <HI REND="it">wo(m)men</HI>,<figure entity="IMG116"></figure> or <HI REND="it">felou(n)</HI>.<figure entity="IMGA093"></figure> The abbreviation of <HI REND="it">l(ett)res</HI> is indicated by a bar through &lt;l&gt; (W4.134);<figure entity="IMG117"></figure> the abbreviation of <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">sp(irit)ualte</HI></FOREIGN> is marked by a tilde over &lt;u&gt; (W5.150).<figure entity="IMG118"></figure></P>

<P>It is not always easy to distinguish between meaningful abbreviations and meaningless ornamentation. Loops and curls on final letters are notoriously difficult to interpret. In particular, there are the flourishes on final &lt;-c&gt;,<figure entity="IMG035"></figure> &lt;-d&gt;,<figure entity="IMG036"></figure> &lt;-g&gt;,<figure entity="IMG037"></figure> &lt;-k&gt;,<figure entity="IMG038"></figure> &lt;-p&gt;,<figure entity="IMG039"></figure> &lt;-r&gt;,<figure entity="IMG040"></figure> &lt;-t&gt;,<figure entity="IMG041"></figure> and the bars through &lt;-h&gt;<figure entity="IMG042"></figure> and &lt;-ll&gt;.<figure entity="IMG043"></figure> Each of these needs to be considered separately.</P>

<P>We have taken final &lt;r&gt; with a curl to represent &lt;re&gt;, as often in <HI REND="it">your(e)</HI><figure entity="IMG040"></figure> (which is elsewhere <HI REND="it">youre</HI>, only once <HI REND="it">your-self</HI> (W2.39)), or in nouns with &lt;-er&gt; suffix which are elsewhere spelt &lt;-ere&gt;, such as <HI REND="it">leder(e)</HI>,<figure entity="IMG119"></figure> <HI REND="it">lyer(e)</HI>,<figure entity="IMG120"></figure> <HI REND="it">maker(e)</HI>,<figure entity="IMG121"></figure> <HI REND="it">Robber(e)</HI>.<figure entity="IMG122"></figure></P>

<P>Final &lt;g&gt; sometimes has a short horizontal stroke, and
sometimes, especially after the ending &lt;-yng&gt;, it has a loop
that is often quite pronounced, and even bigger than the &lt;g&gt;
itself (e.g. W4.182 on fol. 22v<figure entity="IMG123"></figure>). But it may be very small (e.g. W4.131 on fol. 22r<figure entity="IMG124"></figure>) and difficult to distinguish from the simple
horizontal stroke that sometimes completes the letter. The evidence
on its significance is mixed. Gerunds and present participles may
end in &lt;-yng&gt; without loop, but just as often in &lt;-yng&gt;
with loop or in &lt;-ynge&gt;. There are two cases where the loop
certainly represents &lt;-e&gt;: in <HI REND="it">brugg(e)</HI> 
(W5.611)<figure entity="IMG128"></figure> and <HI REND="it">segg(e)</HI>
(W20.309),<figure entity="IMG129"></figure> since &lt;-gg-&gt;, whether it represents the plosive or
the fricative, is always followed by &lt;-e&gt; (as in the ten
other cases of <HI REND="it">segge</HI> both noun and verb, <HI 
REND="it">iugge</HI>, <HI REND="it">ligge</HI>, <HI REND="it">sigge</HI>,
etc.).<NOTE>  Kane-Donaldson who did not expand looped &lt;-g&gt; were
obliged to "emend" <HI REND="it">brugg</HI> to <HI REND="it">brugg(e)</HI> 
(KD5.592), and <HI REND="it">segg</HI> to <HI REND="it">seg(e)</HI>
(KD20.310).</NOTE>  On this basis we initially determined
always to expand looped &lt;-g&gt; to &lt;-g(e)&gt;. However, it
became apparent that these two cases are exceptions and in all
other cases where the scribe wanted final &lt;-e&gt; after &lt;g&gt;, 
he wrote it out. The scribe's use of final &lt;-e&gt; is
highly patterned.<NOTE>See Linguistic Description,
2.1.</NOTE> Thus the adjective and adverb <HI REND="it">long</HI> is never written with looped &lt;-g&gt;. In the indefinite singular
declension it is written <HI REND="it">long</HI>;<NOTE>See Linguistic
Description, 2.4.1.</NOTE> in all other cases it is written
<HI REND="it">longe</HI>. Similarly, monosyllabic nouns ending in a consonant may have an inflexional ending &lt;-e&gt; for a dative singular.<NOTE>See Linguistic Description, 2.2.3.</NOTE> The usage of the non-inflected form is inconsistent, but the inflected form in such cases always represents a dative. One of the nouns that follows this pattern is <HI REND="it">kyng</HI>. It is written 89x with &lt;-g&gt; without loop, and on several of these occasions it is dependent on a preposition so that a dative &lt;-e&gt; would be an option. There are five examples of <HI REND="it">kynge</HI> with final &lt;-e&gt; (W3.171, 3.189, 4.45, 4.100, 4.187), and on every occasion the ending can be accounted for as a dative. The fifteen examples of <HI REND="it">kyng</HI> with looped &lt;-g&gt; follow exactly the same pattern as if the &lt;-g&gt; were not looped; it is prepositional in six cases (W3.2, 3.121, 3.231, 4.131, 5.12, 7.167), and non-prepositional in nine cases (W1.49, 2.37, 3.105, 3.188, 4.3, 4.46, 4.190, 7.169, 15.455). The spelling of <HI REND="it">&thorn;yng</HI> is never with &lt;-e&gt;, 35 times with &lt;-g&gt; without loop, and three times with looped &lt;-g&gt;, two of them explicable as datives (W15.113, 17.287; contrast W10.219). On fol. 18r the name <HI REND="it">Agag</HI> is first written with a final &lt;-g&gt; that has a horizontal stroke rather than a loop
(W3.267),<figure entity="IMG126"></figure> but on the second occasion the name ends in a &lt;-g&gt; with a small loop (W3.291),<figure entity="IMG127"></figure> where &lt;-e&gt; can hardly be
intended. On the basis of these instances we finally decided not to
expand looped &lt;-g&gt; except on the two occasions where it is
necessary: <HI REND="it">brugg(e)</HI> in W5.611 and <HI REND="it">segg(e)</HI> in W20.309.</P>

<P>We can find no significance in the loops and downward strokes on final &lt;-c&gt;, &lt;-d&gt;, &lt;-k&gt; and &lt;-t&gt;. Looped &lt;-t&gt; often occurs at the end of Latin words, for example in third-person endings of verbs, such as <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">facit</HI></FOREIGN> on fol. 9r (W2.28) or <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">nutriuit</HI></FOREIGN> on fol. 81v (W14.85) where it can be nothing other than a flourish to end the line, and expansion is never required when it is used at the end of English words such as <HI REND="it">Baptist</HI> (W10.427). The downward stroke on &lt;-c&gt; is used for <HI REND="it">Marc</HI> on all six occasions; it is used for <HI REND="it">Luc</HI> on three out of five; in neither case, or in other cases where the stroke is used, are there occasions where the scribe has also written &lt;-ce&gt;.</P>

<P>Final &lt;-p&gt; occasionally has a tilde above it,<figure entity="IMG132"></figure> but its pattern of use suggests the tilde is not significant. For example, its use on the suffix &lt;-ship&gt; (OE <HI REND="it">scipe</HI>) might suggest significance:
<Q TYPE="block">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="it">felaweshipe</HI>: twice &lt;-pe&gt;, twice &lt;-p&gt; with tilde.</Q>
<Q TYPE="block">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="it">lordshipe</HI>: 15x &lt;-pe&gt;.</Q>
<Q TYPE="block">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="it">werkmanshipe</HI>: thrice &lt;-pe&gt;, once &lt;-p&gt; with tilde.</Q>
<Q TYPE="block">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="it">worshipe</HI> (n.): once &lt;-pe&gt;, once &lt;-p&gt; with tilde, once &lt;-p&gt; with no tilde.</Q>
And yet <HI REND="it">ship</HI> (OE <HI REND="it">scip</HI>) occurs twice with a tilde where it is historically otiose and four times without. <HI REND="it">Bisshop</HI> (OE <HI REND="it">biscop</HI>) is never spelt with &lt;-pe&gt;, but twelve times with a tilde, and three times without. The &lt;-p&gt; with tilde is found once on <HI REND="it">sharp</HI> (W20.305) where the &lt;-e&gt; is not wanted since the adjective is indefinite sg.; of the two appearances of <HI REND="it">sharpe</HI>, the first (W18.41) is adverbial and the second (W18.424) is plural. It seems, therefore, unlikely that the tilde over &lt;-p&gt; was a meaningful sign on any occasion, and so it has not been marked in the text.<NOTE>The complete list of instances of &lt;-p&gt; with tilde is as follows: WP.78 <HI REND="it">Bisshop</HI>, WP.80 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>, WP.83 <HI REND="it">Bisshop</HI>, W2.209 <HI REND="it">felawship</HI>, W3.333 <HI REND="it">ship</HI>, W3.359 <HI REND="it">worship</HI>, W5.89 <HI REND="it">warp</HI>, W5.301 <HI REND="it">Bisshop</HI>, W5.371 <HI REND="it">warp</HI>, W6.152 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>, W10.308 <HI REND="it">werkmanship</HI>, W10.316 <HI REND="it">Anheep</HI>, W10.412 <HI REND="it">ship</HI>, W11.18 <HI REND="it">yeep</HI>, W11.24 <HI REND="it">felawship</HI>, W11.305 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>, W11.319 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>, W13.132 <HI REND="it">sop</HI>, W15.41 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>, W15.143 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>, W15.467 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>, W20.305 <HI REND="it">sharp</HI>, W20.318 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>, W20.326 <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>.</NOTE></P>

<P>There are twelve instances of final &lt;-ll&gt;, which is always written with a bar through it.<figure entity="IMG133"></figure> That might suggest that this is merely a scribal flourish at the end of a word. However, of 362 instances of plural "all," 361 are spelt <HI REND="it">alle</HI> and one <HI REND="it">all</HI> with barred &lt;-ll&gt;, indicating that in this instance at least the bar signifies &lt;-e&gt;; there are three examples of <HI REND="it">apparaill</HI> with barred &lt;-ll&gt;<figure entity="IMG157"></figure> against five of <HI REND="it">apparaille</HI>, while the other eight instances of barred &lt;-ll&gt; are of words that are not found with &lt;-lle&gt;. We have expanded to &lt;-ll(e)&gt; in all cases.</P>

<P>Barred &lt;-h&gt; is used frequently in the ending &lt;-ssh&gt;,<figure entity="IMG134"></figure> and sometimes in the endings &lt;-ch&gt;<figure entity="IMG135"></figure> and &lt;-gh&gt;.<figure entity="IMG136"></figure> The scribe is highly patterned in his use of &lt;-e&gt;, and so it is significant that there is no occasion where it is necessary to expand to &lt;-h(e)&gt;. For example, the monosyllabic adjective <HI REND="it">fressh</HI> would be expected to end in &lt;-e&gt; in the definite declension, as indeed it does in <HI REND="it">wi&thorn; &thorn;i fresshe blood</HI> (W5.507); the three other examples are all of the indefinite adjective, <HI REND="it">of a fressh ryuer</HI> where the &lt;-h&gt; is not barred (W15.342), <HI REND="it">if it be fressh flessh</HI>, where the first &lt;-h&gt; is barred (W6.317), and <HI REND="it">For fressh flessh ou&thorn;er fissh</HI>, where the &lt;-h&gt; of <HI REND="it">fressh</HI> is not barred but the other two are (W15.442). The bar on <HI REND="it">englissh</HI> might indicate the old dative in phrases like <HI REND="it">on englissh(e)</HI>; however, when the phrase occurs twice in a row: <HI REND="it">on englissh</HI> / <HI REND="it">In englissh</HI> (W14.281-2), the &lt;-h&gt; is barred on the first occasion and unbarred on the second. We conclude that when the scribe needs the &lt;-e&gt; he writes it out; thus all cases of plural "such" and "which" are written as <HI REND="it">swiche</HI> and <HI REND="it">whiche</HI>. We have therefore not expanded barred final &lt;-h&gt;, but medially we have interpreted it as an abbreviation in <HI REND="it">Ioh(a)n</HI> and in the standard brevigraphs for <HI REND="it">Iesu</HI><figure entity="IMG156"></figure> and <HI REND="it">Iesus</HI>.<figure entity="IMG155"></figure><NOTE>It is worth observing that in his recent edition of Hoccleve, J. A. Burrow argues on metrical grounds that the strokes added to final letters in Hoccleve's holograph are not to be expanded, with the exception of Hoccleve's flourish after &lt;r&gt; and the barred &lt;ll&gt;. See <TITLE>Thomas Hoccleve's Complaint and Dialogue</TITLE>, ed. J. A. Burrow, EETS 313 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. l-li. Hoccleve's language is London English Type III, and so a little later than W, but scribal practice is the same in this respect. See M. L. Samuels, "Chaucer's Spelling," in <TITLE>Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis</TITLE>, ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley (Oxford, 1983), pp. 17-37. The chapter is reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 23-37.</NOTE></P>

<P>Common Latin words are often radically abbreviated. Thus <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">Christus</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG137"></figure> <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">contra</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG138"></figure> <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">dominus</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG139"></figure> <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">fratre</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG140"></figure> forms of <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">habeo</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG141"></figure> <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">omnis</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG142"></figure><figure entity="IMG143"></figure> <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">quod</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG144"></figure> <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">quoque</HI></FOREIGN>,<figure entity="IMG145"></figure> <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">similis</HI></FOREIGN><figure entity="IMG146"></figure> and others are all abbreviated in the standard forms. For a good range of examples in one line see W10.304.<figure entity="IMG147"></figure></P>

<P>For a somewhat fuller and less discursive list of abbreviations and suspensions used by the scribe, <XREF DOC="WAbbrev">click here</XREF></P>

<P>We have not distinguished allographic forms, such as the three forms 
of &lt;s&gt;,<figure entity="IMG022"></figure><figure 
entity="IMG023"></figure><figure entity="IMG024"></figure> or the 
rarely used single-lobed &lt;a&gt; (fol. 
24r, W5.64 "garte"<figure entity="IMG000"></figure>) from 
the double-lobed form. On the other hand, we have distinguished between &lt;u&gt; and &lt;n&gt; although the scribe does not always do so clearly, and we have noted occasions where there is a possibility of a different choice, such as <HI REND="it">lene</HI> instead of <HI REND="it">leue</HI>. The letter &lt;z&gt; has been printed for yogh in words such as <HI REND="it">artz</HI>, <HI REND="it">baptize</HI> and <HI REND="it">dozeyne</HI>, though the scribe has only one form for both values.</P>

<P>Our capitalisation follows the scribal use of <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">litterae notabiliores</HI></FOREIGN>, although there are some letters, in particular &lt;w&gt; and sigma-shaped &lt;s&gt;, where there is no clear distinction. We have interpreted such letters according to their context: thus they are capitalised at the beginning of the line, but printed as lower case within the line unless their enlarged size suggests otherwise. The use of an initial <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">littera notabilior</HI></FOREIGN> on some nouns is a feature of manuscripts of the Ellesmere-Hengwrt group.<NOTE>See A. I. Doyle, "The Copyist of the Ellesmere <TITLE>Canterbury Tales</TITLE>," in <TITLE>The Ellesmere Chaucer: Essays in Interpretation</TITLE>, ed. Martin Stevens and Daniel Woodward (San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, and Tokyo: Yoshudo, 1995), p. 54.</NOTE> </P>

<P>We have recorded the marginal <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">notae</HI></FOREIGN> with a "nota" icon visible in the Scribal style sheet. These need to be distinguished from the main scribe's much more regular "n"-shapes that do not represent "n(ota)" at all, but are purely decorative, as part of the top-of-page decoration and as end-of-line fillers in the boxed Latin lines (in the text ink), and the decoration of the red boxes themselves (in which case they are in the same red ink); good examples of these may be seen on fol. 13r,<figure entity="IMG148"></figure> and in the passus heading on fol. 8v.<figure entity="IMG149"></figure> Since these are decoration, we have not recorded them.</P>

<P>The word-division of the manuscript is followed as far as practicable, though no attempt is made to represent the variety of spacing between words and letters. The interpretation of the scribe's word division, though it is generally unambiguous, is occasionally a matter of fine judgment. The scribe has a category of half-way house, in which a single word is written in two sections, with what might be interpreted as a very small space between them. This is usually the case with one-letter prefixes such as &lt;a-&gt; and the &lt;y-&gt; of the past participle. There is an example of this ambiguous division in <HI REND="it">ywro&yogh;t</HI> in the last line of fol. 49r,<figure entity="IMG150"></figure> contrasting with the same word written three lines previously with an unambiguous space following the &lt;y-&gt; prefix.<figure entity="IMG151"></figure> The same ambiguity occurs in the writing of <HI REND="it">dowel</HI>, <HI REND="it">dobet</HI> and <HI REND="it">dobest</HI> (see W8.122-4, fol. 47r<figure entity="IMG152"></figure>). In our transcription we have ignored the tiny space. A hyphen in the transcription indicates a space in the manuscript within a word, or a compound or phrase conventionally hyphenated today; we have consulted <TITLE>OED</TITLE> in doubtful cases. Conversely, some phrases, in particular <HI REND="it">an hei&yogh;</HI>, <HI REND="it">at ese</HI> and <HI REND="it">at ones</HI>, are written as one word, <HI REND="it">anhei&yogh;</HI>, <HI REND="it">atese</HI>, <HI REND="it">atones</HI>. The scribal form appears in the Scribal and Diplomatic style sheets, the regularised form in the Critical style sheet.</P>

<P>Scribal punctuation is retained. For the most part this is entirely regular, consisting of a punctus to mark the half-line, with the occasional virgule or punctus elevatus, particularly in Latin lines.</P>

<P>The few insertions are recorded as such (e.g. W10.102, W13.259).  Erasures made by scraping the parchment are recorded where they are certain (e.g. W1.27 and W19.445).  Annotations by later hands are marked with a codicological note.</P>

<P>The boxing and enlarged script of a word within an English line is often an indication that the scribe (or, of course, his exemplar) took the word or phrase to be non-English, and we have been able to use this as a guide in the very imprecise process of determining whether to insert a "FOREIGN" tag. But it is only a guide.<NOTE>Twelve manuscripts of the B Version highlight individual words by boxing, underlining or rubrication; see C. David Benson and Lynne S. Blanchfield, <TITLE>The Manuscripts of Piers Plowman: the B-version</TITLE> (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1997), p. 17. There is considerable variation among the manuscripts in words so treated; see the comparative tables, pp. 238-313.</NOTE> Clearly WP.224 (fol. 4v) <FOREIGN LANG="fre"><HI REND="it">Dieu saue dame Emme</HI></FOREIGN> should be tagged as "foreign", especially as the phrase is in enlarged script and boxed.<figure entity="IMG153"></figure> But if <HI REND="it">dame Emme</HI> had occurred on its own, even if boxed and enlarged, we would not have described it as "foreign". The boxing of <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">transgressores</HI></FOREIGN><figure entity="IMG154"></figure> in W1.97 suggests that the word was still regarded as Latin, and <TITLE>MED</TITLE> with citations only from the fifteenth century gives support to this. Rather oddly, <TITLE>MED</TITLE> does not cite Langland's use, presumably on the grounds that it is not English, even though there are many words whose earliest forms are cited by <TITLE>MED</TITLE> from Latin or French documents. The scribe sometimes gives proper names this display treatment, especially if they have a non-English form such as <HI REND="it">Troianus</HI> (e.g. W11.145), or <HI REND="it">Diues</HI> (W17.267), but also thoroughly English names such as <HI REND="it">Douere</HI> (W4.133) are occasionally boxed. English words used as allegorical names may be highlighted in this way; this is particularly the case with <HI REND="it">Conscience</HI>, e.g. in W3.111-21, W3.175-289, but not in e.g. W2.141. The decisions involved in tagging as "FOREIGN" have caused us considerable uncertainty: one initial principle was that a word would be classed as English if given an English inflexion, so that <HI REND="it">Mnames</HI> (W6.248) was declared to be English, with the backing of <TITLE>MED</TITLE>, even though boxed in red and enlarged. But even this principle had to be jettisoned when we came to the two instances of <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">beatus vir</HI></FOREIGN> with a genitive inflexion, <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">Beatus virres</HI></FOREIGN> (W10.328, W13.55), which we decided to tag as Latin despite its English ending. Langland's linguistic inventiveness overturns every principle that the solemn editor attempts to establish. In the end we have been obliged to take eclectic decisions in each instance; we have taken account of the treatment in <TITLE>OED</TITLE> and <TITLE>MED</TITLE>, and we have been influenced by the scribal boxing and highlighting, but not bound by it, since that treatment in any case shows up in the textual display. Proper names have been treated as English unless they have a Latin inflexion: thus genitive <HI REND="it">Cesares</HI> is not tagged in W1.52, but both instances of <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">Cesari</HI></FOREIGN> with a Latin dative ending are marked as Latin in W1.53.</P>

</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="editorial versions">
<HEAD>Presentation of Text:  Style Sheets</HEAD>

<P>Using SGML markup and four different style sheets in the Multidoc Pro browser,
we offer four different views of the text of W.  The Scribal style sheet represents as closely as possible the readings and features of the manuscript text.  Changes of script are reflected by changes in font.  The Middle English text's Anglicana Formata is represented in roman letters while the Bastard Anglicana of the Latin and emphasized text is printed in italics.  Changes of ink color in the original are reflected in the displayed text.  We represent the scribe's habit of accentuating various bits of text by enclosing it in a red box by printing the text so enclosed in red ink inside a black box.  The browser does not permit us to display the text in black and the box in red.  Scribal lapses are noted by means of purple ink.  We have used &lt;SIC&gt; tags to indicate those instances in which we take the scribe not to have written what he intended to write, but we have ignored readings the scribe might reasonably be interpreted as having intended.  For instance, at W5.264, the scribe wrote nonsensical <HI REND="it">bu</HI> where he intended to write <HI REND="it">but</HI>.  We print <HI REND="it">bu</HI>, but flag it with purple.  However, the probably erroneous lection, at least in relation to the <HI REND="bold">B</HI> archetype, <HI REND="it">prechede</HI> for <HI REND="it">prayed</HI> is not so marked in W5.43, though a textual note calls attention to this unique reading in W.  Eccentric word divisions, e. g. <HI REND="it">atones</HI> for <HI REND="it">at ones</HI>, or <HI REND="it">anhundred</HI> for <HI REND="it">an hundred</HI> are spelled out as written but in lime to call attention to them.  We have represented the marginal <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">notae</HI></FOREIGN> added by an unidentified hand with this icon: <NOTE TYPE="nota"></NOTE>.</P>

<P>The Critical style sheet is designed to indicate what we believe the scribe intended to have written.  Emendations displayed in the Critical style sheet appear in the conventional square brackets.  Since the text displayed in the Critical style sheet is a reconstructed, putative text, it lacks the color features that appear in the more nearly diplomatic transcriptions of the manuscript.  We conventionally use italics for Latin and French words and phrases in this style sheet.  We have supplied line references to the Athlone B-text both for the convenience of readers and to provide a basis for later machine collation of documentary texts.  Eccentric word divisions are silently, at least in the surface display, corrected in this style sheet.  That is, <HI REND="it">atones</HI> appears as <HI REND="it">at ones</HI>, though a scholar who wishes to find all such divisions can still search for them in the browser as well as in the underlying SGML text.</P>


<P>In addition to the Scribal and Critical style sheets, we have included a Diplomatic style sheet that suppresses all notes, marginalia, and indications of error or eccentric word division.  Its text is otherwise identical to that presented in the Scribal style sheet.  The AllTags style sheet, as its name implies, is intended to display the full content of markup in SGML tags.  In this style sheet alone, deleted text (where it is legible) appears within curly brackets.  The brackets contain a dash for illegible material.  In this style sheet alone, deleted text (where it is legible) appears within curly brackets.  The brackets contain a dash for illegible material.  For a key to our use of color in each style sheet, see <XREF DOC="ReadMe">Instructions for first-time users</XREF>.</P>  

</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="editorial methods">
<HEAD>Presentation of Text: The Annotations</HEAD>

<P>Three sets of annotations are provided&mdash;codicological, paleographic and textual:</P>

<P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="bold">(a) Codicological:</HI> These draw attention to physical features of the manuscript, especially those which can not be clearly interpreted from the images, and also to later additions in the margins such as names, pointing hands and other drawings. Codicological notes are marked by a red superscripted "<HI REND="rb">C</HI>."</P>

<P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="bold">(b) Paleographic:</HI> These comment on letter forms, in particular ambiguous abbreviations, curls and other features. Paleographic notes are marked by a red superscripted "<HI REND="rb">P</HI>."</P>

<P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="bold">(c) Textual:</HI> These notes recording unique readings in W require more justification and explanation. Since W is a close copy of a good witness of the beta tradition, its unique readings are few, and they are worth recording, firstly to indicate how generally faithful the W scribe is to his exemplar, and secondly as an aid to understanding the text on those relatively rare occasions when W has misread or corrupted it. Formal variants are not misreadings and are therefore not noted. In general the test of a formal variant is that the standard dictionaries recognise the different forms as one word. Thus the reading at WP.24 is <HI REND="it">degised</HI> as against <HI REND="it">disgised</HI> in all other manuscripts, but both forms of the verb are recorded in <TITLE>MED</TITLE> s.v. <HI REND="it">disgisen</HI>, and so the variants are not noted. This is the practice even where there may be a difference in syllabic value, as in WP.154 where W alone reads infinitive <HI REND="it">clawen</HI> against the majority reading <HI REND="it">clawe</HI>, or where, as is quite often the case, W has a past participle with
&lt;y-&gt; prefix while other manuscripts are without it, as in W19.1 <HI REND="it">ydremed</HI> versus <HI REND="it">dremed</HI>. On the other hand <TITLE>MED</TITLE> recognises <HI REND="it">ywar</HI> and <HI REND="it">war</HI> as separate words, so this variation is recorded in W10.287. Variation in number or tense is also recorded. It must be emphasised that these notes are no more than an aid to the reader of W's text as it is presented at this stage. They do not in any sense constitute a listing of variant readings or a first step in establishing the relationship of W to other manuscripts. They may imply that W's reading is not that of the B archetype, though whether that is in fact the case in an individual instance and which of the recorded variants best represents Bx are matters that can be firmly established only at a later stage. The notes are, then, an interim statement that will be of no use once the <TITLE>B Archive</TITLE> is complete and the variant listings can be mechanically generated. The information for them is drawn from the listing of variants in the Kane-Donaldson edition (including the list of WS and WCrS
agreements on p. 43 and p. 49 note 73), which we have checked against those transcripts that are already available in the <TITLE>Archive</TITLE>. Since it is not at this stage relevant which of the witnesses share the majority reading against W's unique variant, the majority readings are where possible presented in very simplified form, usually with the designation "other <HI REND="bold">B</HI> witnesses" or "most other manuscripts" or "all others." It is true that in most cases this means "<HI REND="bold">Bx</HI>," but it is important not to prejudge the issue. Readings shared with one or two other witnesses (most commonly Hm and Cr) are often indicative of genetic affiliation, and since this relationship will be tested when the <TITLE>Archive</TITLE> is sufficiently advanced, such group variation is not noted here, except in cases of particular interest, for example where a word or line essential to the sense has been lost. Textual notes are marked with an icon of a gray dog-eared manuscript leaf.</P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="Color Facsimile" TYPE="part">

<HEAD>The Color Facsimile</HEAD>


<P>  The digital facsimile images were made from 35mm slides.  Using a Nikon LS-3510 Slide
Scanner attached to a Macintosh Quadra 800 running Adobe PhotoShop, we experimented with
scans at input resolutions varying from 635 to 3175 dpi and output resolutions between 72 and
1000 dpi.  The resulting JPEG and TIFF files varied in size from a low of 168 KB to just over 35
megabytes.  It should go without saying that the largest of these files are expensive to store and
slow to call to the screen and to manipulate.  We found that a rational compromise between the
highest and lowest grades, producing facsimiles more than adequate for most manuscript leaves,
involved input resolutions of 1587 dpi, output resolutions of 500 dpi, and JPEG files of
750-1000KB.</P>

<P>  Though the quality of most of our images represents a considerable improvement over microfilm 
and other traditional means of photoduplication, the images presented here reflect their creation 
six years ago in the spring of 1994.  Readers will perhaps notice some differences in size and 
quality of various leaves.  Some of the 1994 images were less crisp than others, and we rescanned in the fall 
of 1999 about two dozen slides, producing in each case both crisper images with better contrast and 
resolution.  We considered rescanning the entire set of images, but the expense of doing so is 
considerable, and since the original slides lacked a means of calibration &mdash; we expect with 
future digital images to provide both Kodak color strips and gray scale references &mdash; we have 
left the original images.</P>

</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="linguistic" TYPE="part">
<HEAD>Linguistic Description</HEAD>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="LALME">


<p><TITLE>A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English</TITLE> (<TITLE>LALME</TITLE>) does not map the forms of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (W), no doubt because the editors thought that the analysis of other
texts in the same dialect was sufficient to show the features of its language. M. L. Samuels
published in 1963 an analysis of the development of early written standard forms of English.<NOTE>M. L. Samuels, "Some Applications of Middle English Dialectology," <TITLE>English Studies</TITLE>,
44 (1963), 81-94. The article is reprinted in Angus McIntosh, M. L. Samuels and Margaret Laing, <TITLE>Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems</TITLE>, ed. Margaret Laing (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 64-80, esp. p. 70.</NOTE> He classified the language of the Wycliffite
manuscripts, centred on the central midland counties, as Type I, and London English as Types II-IV. The earliest of these is Type II, the language of the main hand in the Auchinleck Manuscript.  Type IV is "Chancery Standard," the language of government documents from 1430 onwards. In
between the two is Type III, the language of earlier London documents, of Chaucer and of
Hoccleve, and also the language of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE> as recorded in W. In a later study Samuels
commented that the language of W is "very similar to that of the Hengwrt and Ellesmere MSS of
The Canterbury Tales."<NOTE>M. L. Samuels, "Langland's Dialect," <TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE>, 54
(1985), 232-47, p. 247, note 64. The article is reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his
Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 70-85.</NOTE> In a further discussion of the
spellings of the scribe of the Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts, Samuels listed "eleven
variational criteria" for thirteen texts which he classified as Types II and III, that is to say
representing respectively London English up to about 1380 and from about 1380 to 1420.<NOTE>M. L. Samuels, "Chaucer's Spelling," in <TITLE>Middle English Studies Presented to Norman
Davis</TITLE>, ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley (Oxford, 1983), pp. 17-37. The chapter is reprinted
in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 23-37. For recent
comment see Jeremy J. Smith, "The Language of the Ellesmere Manuscript," in <TITLE>The Ellesmere
Chaucer: Essays in Interpretation</TITLE>, ed. Martin Stevens and Daniel Woodward (San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, and Tokyo: Yoshudo, 1995), pp. 69-86.</NOTE>  These are the forms Samuels lists for the Hengwrt-Ellesmere scribe, to which we have supplied the forms in W for comparison:
<NOTE>Throughout this section we have bracketed letters to represent optional elements. When
two or more forms of a word occur, Samuels represents the less common variants within
parentheses. Thus the spelling "((<HI REND="it">such(e)</HI>))" is very uncommon with or without final &lt;-e&gt;.</NOTE></P>
</div3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="LALME CF">

<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">Hengwrt-Ellesmere </CELL><CELL
ROLE="W">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;W</CELL></ROW></TABLE>
</P>
<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">SUCH</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">swich(e)</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">swich(e)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">such(e)</cell><CELL ROLE="W"></CELL></ROW>


<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">MUCH</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">muche(l)</CELL><CELL
ROLE="W">muche(l)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">(moche, meche)</CELL></ROW>


<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">SHALL &nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="it">pl.</HI></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">shulle(n)</CELL><CELL
ROLE="W">shulle(n)</CELL></ROW>



<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">IF</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">if</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">if</CELL></ROW>


<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">AGAIN(ST)</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">agayn(s)</CELL><CELL
ROLE="W">ayein(s) (56x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">ageyn(s)</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">ageyn (6x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">ayeyn(s)</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">agayn (2x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">ageynes (1x)</CELL></ROW>



<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">YET</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">yet</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">yet (40x), &yogh;it (13x)<NOTE>There is one instance of <HI REND="it">&yogh;it</HI> in Passus 3; the other twelve are in Passus 14-18.</NOTE></CELL></ROW>


<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">BEFORE</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">biforn</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">bifore (49x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">bifore</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">afore (7x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">tofore (2x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">toforn (2x)</CELL></ROW>


<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">NOT</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">nat, noght</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">no&yogh;t(e) (334x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">nou&yogh;t (14x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">nau&yogh;t (7x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">nat (4x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">noght (1x)</CELL></ROW>


<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">WORK	&nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="it">vb.</HI></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">werken, wirkyng</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">werch- (55x)</CELL></ROW>


<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">THROUGH</CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">thurgh</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">&thorn;oru&yogh;/Thoru&yogh; (156x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">Thorugh (1x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle"></CELL><CELL ROLE="W">Thorgh (1x)</CELL></ROW>


<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">SAW &nbsp;&nbsp;<HI REND="it">pret.</HI></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">saugh</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">sei&yogh;(en) (41x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">seigh</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">sau&yogh; (6x)</CELL></ROW>

<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form"></CELL><CELL ROLE="Heng-Elle">say, saw(e)</CELL><CELL ROLE="W">seigh(e) (4x)</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="new">


<p>The distributions of the spellings of the first four items are closely parallel in the work of the two
scribes, but there are considerable differences in the other seven items. The influence of W's
exemplar may have prompted the scribe to use spellings that were not his own preferential forms
but were part of his "passive repertoire," that is to say forms that were acceptable to him.<NOTE>For the term see Michael Benskin and Margaret Laing, "Translations and
Mischsprachen in Middle English Manuscripts," in <TITLE>So Meny People Longages and Tonges</TITLE>, ed. Michael Benskin and M. L. Samuels (Edinburgh, 1981), pp. 55-106, esp. pp. 72-5.</NOTE>  Against this, however, it should be noted that the scribe of W was evidently a highly practised and
professional scrivener with a remarkably consistent spelling system which he must have been
taught to impose upon the language of his exemplars. If he was indeed from the same workshop
as the Hengwrt-Ellesmere scribe, then that workshop admitted considerable variety in spelling.</P>

<p>The text of Piers is thoroughly "translated" into London English, with few obvious relict
forms. Those that indicate a Western dialect representing Langland's own are as follows:
<NOTE>See M. L. Samuels, "Langland's Dialect," <TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE>, 54 (1985), 232-47;
reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 70-85.  See also M. L. Samuels, "Dialect and Grammar," in <TITLE>A Companion to Piers Plowman</TITLE>, ed. John
A. Alford (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1988), pp. 201-21.</NOTE></P>

<p>
<LIST TYPE="simple">
<ITEM>(a) The form <HI REND="it">heo</HI> for "she" occurs twice, both in alliterating positions.  <REF TARGET="L2.3.1">See below, Linguistic Description 2.3.1</REF></ITEM>

<ITEM>(b) The form <HI REND="it">hij</HI> for "they" occurs three times in alliterating positions.  <REF TARGET="L2.3.4">See below, Linguistic Description 2.3.4</REF></ITEM>

<ITEM>(c) The occasional spelling &lt;u&gt; for OE /y/ and /y:/ in words such as <HI REND="it">fuyr</HI>, <HI REND="it">fust</HI>, <HI REND="it">hulles</HI>, <HI REND="it">huyre</HI>.  <REF TARGET="L1.1.2.13">See below, Linguistic Description 1.1.2.13 and 1.1.2.15</REF></ITEM>

<ITEM>(d) The retention of rounding for OE /eo/ and /&emacr;o/ in a few words.  <REF TARGET="L1.1.2.24">See below, Linguistic Description 1.1.2.24</REF></ITEM>

<ITEM>(e) The ending &lt;-e&thorn;&gt; of the present indicative plural.  <REF TARGET="L2.5.9">See below, Linguistic Description 2.5.9</REF></ITEM>
</LIST>
</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="phonology">
<HEAD>1. Phonology:</HEAD>
<p></P>
<DIV4 TYPE="vowels">
<HEAD>1.1 Vowels in Tonic Syllables:</HEAD>

<DIV5 TYPE="Quantity">
<HEAD>1.1.1 Quantity:</HEAD> 


<p>Vowel length of &lt;a&gt;, &lt;e&gt; and &lt;o&gt; is often marked by doubling in closed syllables. Final &lt;-e&gt; and &lt;-es&gt; are alternative signs of length.</P>

<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">For /a:/:</CELL><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;aa&gt; ~ &lt;a&gt;:</CELL></ROW> 
</TABLE></P>

<p><HI REND="it">caas</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">cas</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">debaat</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">debate</HI> (1x);  <HI REND="it">made</HI> (83x) ~ <HI REND="it">maad</HI> (16x); <HI REND="it">saaf</HI> (9x); <HI REND="it">waast</HI> (1x)
~ <HI REND="it">waste</HI> (1x).</P>

<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">For /e:/ and /&opene;:/:</CELL><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;ee&gt; ~ &lt;e&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>

<p><HI REND="it">breed</HI> (26x) ~ <HI REND="it">bred</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">dee&thorn;</HI> (52x) ~ <HI REND="it">de&thorn;e</HI> (8x); <HI REND="it">feet</HI> (8x); <HI REND="it">heed</HI> "head" (17x)<NOTE>There
is one instance of <HI REND="it">hed</HI> (5.554); the plural has /e/: <HI REND="it">heddes</HI> 6.334, 20.186.</NOTE>; <HI REND="it">kepe</HI> (34x)
~ <HI REND="it">keep</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">preest</HI> (25x) ~ <HI REND="it">preestes</HI> (30x).</P>

<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">For /o:/ and /&openo;/:</CELL><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;oo&gt; ~ &lt;o&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>

<p><HI REND="it">blood</HI> (23x); <HI REND="it">flood</HI> (8x) ~ <HI REND="it">flodes</HI> 
(1x); <HI REND="it">foode</HI> (10x); <HI REND="it">goon</HI> (7x).</P>
</DIV5>

<DIV5 TYPE="Quality">
<HEAD>1.1.2 Quality:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">1. OE, ON /a/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;a&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">caste</HI>; <HI REND="it">hap</HI>; <HI REND="it">lappe</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">2. OE, ON /a/ before a nasal:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;a&gt; ~ (&lt;o&gt;)</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">fram</HI> (13x) ~ <HI REND="it">from</HI> (20x); <HI REND="it">kan</HI> (67x); <HI REND="it">man</HI> (198x); <HI REND="it">wan</HI> 5.466.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">3. OE, ON /a/ before lengthening consonant groups:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;a&gt; ~ &lt;o&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">hand(e)</HI> (19x) ~ <HI REND="it">hond</HI> (4x); <HI REND="it">handes</HI> (6x) ~ <HI REND="it">hondes</HI> (5x); <HI REND="it">hange</HI> (6x) ~ <HI REND="it">honge</HI> 17.6; <HI REND="it">long(e)</HI> (58x) ~
<HI REND="it">lang</HI> (only in the technical expression <HI REND="it">lang cart</HI>) 2.184; <HI REND="it">lomb</HI> 5.570 ~ pl. <HI REND="it">lambren</HI> 15.214; <HI REND="it">stande</HI>
(3x) ~ <HI REND="it">stonde</HI> (11x).</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">4. OE, ON /a/ + &lt;-nk&gt;:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;a&gt; ~ (&lt;o&gt;)</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">bank</HI> P.8; <HI REND="it">drank</HI> 13.64<NOTE><HI REND="it">dronke</HI> 20.19 is pa. t. sg. subjunctive (OE <HI REND="it">drunke</HI>); Kane-Donaldson's
emendation of the line involves an impossible switch of tense.</NOTE>; <HI REND="it">sank</HI> 18.69; <HI REND="it">stank</HI>;
<HI REND="it">&thorn;anked</HI> (1x) 17.88 ~ <HI REND="it">&thorn;onked</HI> (1x) 8.108; <HI REND="it">&thorn;onkyng</HI> 2.151.</P>


<p>The spelling is always &lt;a&gt; except in <HI REND="it">&thorn;onk</HI>-.</P>



<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">5. OE, ON /a:/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;o&gt; ~ &lt;oo&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">abrood</HI> 2.179; <HI REND="it">foo</HI> 9.214; <HI REND="it">fro</HI> (61x); <HI REND="it">hole</HI> "whole" 6.61; <HI REND="it">hoot</HI> 17.208 ~ <HI REND="it">hote</HI> P.225; <HI REND="it">lore</HI> 10.116;
<HI REND="it">lowe</HI> 20.36; <HI REND="it">Ropere</HI> 5.326; <HI REND="it">soore</HI> 5.98 ~ <HI REND="it">sore</HI> 18.51; <HI REND="it">stoon</HI> 15.567 ~ <HI REND="it">stones</HI> 2.16; <HI REND="it">wroot</HI> 10.179.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">6. OE, ON /a:/ + w:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;ow&gt; ~ &lt;ou&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">blowyng</HI> 16.27; <HI REND="it">knowe</HI> (54x); <HI REND="it">soule</HI> (85x).</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">7. OE, ON, OF /o/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;o&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">box</HI>; <HI REND="it">cros</HI> (25x)<NOTE>The one instance of <HI REND="it">croos</HI> (18.75) perhaps indicates lengthening. For
the complex history of the word see <TITLE>OED</TITLE> s.v. <HI REND="it">cross</HI> <HI REND="it">sb.</HI></NOTE>; <HI REND="it">folk</HI>; <HI REND="it">god</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">goddes</HI> "God"
(never <HI REND="it">gode</HI>); <HI REND="it">lok</HI> "lock" 1.204; <HI REND="it">mosse</HI>; <HI REND="it">pecokkes</HI>; <HI REND="it">spottes</HI>.</P>



<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">8. OE, ON /o/ + lengthening consonant group:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;o&gt; ~ &lt;oo&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">bold(e)</HI> (8x) ~ <HI REND="it">boold</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">borde</HI>; <HI REND="it">gold(e)</HI>; <HI REND="it">molde</HI> (6x) ~ <HI REND="it">moolde</HI> (8x); <HI REND="it">word</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">wordes</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">9. OE, ON /o:/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;o&gt; ~ &lt;oo&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">book</HI> (29x) ~ <HI REND="it">boke</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">bokes</HI> (22x); <HI REND="it">bro&thorn;er</HI> 5.475; <HI REND="it">coom(e)</HI>; <HI REND="it">doom</HI> (8x) ~ <HI REND="it">doome</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">dome</HI>
(8x) ~ <HI REND="it">domes</HI> (6x); <HI REND="it">doo&thorn;</HI> (37x); <HI REND="it">foot</HI> 5.6 ~ <HI REND="it">foote</HI> 17.106 (not <HI REND="it">fote</HI>); <HI REND="it">good(e)</HI> "good" (135x) (never
<HI REND="it">gode</HI>); <HI REND="it">roote</HI> (10x) ~ <HI REND="it">rootes</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">rotes</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">tooles</HI> 10.187; <HI REND="it">too&thorn;aches</HI> 20.81.</P>


<p>The spelling &lt;oo&gt; is usual in closed syllables; with &lt;o&gt; before stems followed by &lt;-e&gt; and &lt;-es&gt;.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">10. OE, ON, OF /u/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;u&gt; ~ &lt;o&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">biswonke</HI> pa. t. pl. 20.292; <HI REND="it">buttre</HI> 5.446; <HI REND="it">dronke</HI> (pa. t. pl.) 14.86; <HI REND="it">flux</HI> 5.180; <HI REND="it">ful</HI> (93x); <HI REND="it">fulle</HI> (n.)
(3x); <HI REND="it">pulle</HI> 16.76; <HI REND="it">sonne</HI> "sun" (22x); <HI REND="it">&thorn;oru&yogh;</HI> / <HI REND="it">Thoru&yogh;</HI> (156x); <HI REND="it">wolle</HI> "wool" (2x).</P>


<p>The &lt;o&gt; spelling is used predominantly in proximity to minims.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">11. OE, ON, OF /u/ with lengthening:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;ou&gt; ~ &lt;oo&gt; ~ &lt;o&gt; ~ &lt;u&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">dombe</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">doumb(e)</HI> (2x); <HI REND="it">dore</HI> (8x); <HI REND="it">ground(e)</HI> (16x); <HI REND="it">hound</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">mourne</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">moorne</HI> (1x)
~ <HI REND="it">morned</HI>; <HI REND="it">torne</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">turne</HI> (8x); <HI REND="it">wode</HI> (3x).</P>


<p>The &lt;ou&gt; spelling is an indication of length, as below.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">12. OE, ON /u:/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;ou&gt; ~ &lt;ow&gt; (mostly in final position)</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">aboute</HI> (49x); <HI REND="it">adoun</HI> (14x) ~ <HI REND="it">adown</HI> (4x); <HI REND="it">cloude</HI> 3.194; <HI REND="it">how</HI> (90x); <HI REND="it">mous</HI> (2x); <HI REND="it">now</HI> (84x); <HI REND="it">&thorn;ow</HI>
(231x) ~ <HI REND="it">Thow</HI> (22x) ~ <HI REND="it">&thorn;ou</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">Thou</HI> (1x).</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">13. OE, ON /y/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples" ID="L1.1.2.13">&lt;i&gt; ~ &lt;y&gt; ~ &lt;u&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">bigge(n)</HI> "buy" (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">bugge(n)</HI> (8x) ~ <HI REND="it">buggere</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">buggynge</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">brugges</HI>; <HI REND="it">dide</HI>; <HI REND="it">filled</HI>;
<NOTE><HI REND="it">fullen</HI> 10.60 is perhaps from <HI REND="it">ful</HI> adj., as <TITLE>MED</TITLE> suggests s.v. <HI REND="it">fullen</HI> v.(1).</NOTE> <HI REND="it">fulle</HI> (n.) 16.11;
<HI REND="it">gilt</HI>; <HI REND="it">hilles</HI> (4x) ~ <HI REND="it">hulles</HI> (2x); <HI REND="it">kyn</HI>; <HI REND="it">murie</HI>; <HI REND="it">synne</HI>.</P>


<p>The &lt;y&gt; spellings replace &lt;i&gt; in the proximity of minims. The &lt;u&gt; ~ &lt;uy&gt; spellings are Western and did not survive before nasals.<NOTE>See M. L. Samuels, "Langland's Dialect," <TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE>, 54 (1985), 241, 243; reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 70-85.</NOTE></P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">14. OE, ON /y/ before lengthening clusters:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;y&gt; ~ &lt;u&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">burde</HI> 3.14; <HI REND="it">kynde</HI> (115x); <HI REND="it">mynde</HI> (11x).</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">15. OE, ON /y:/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;i&gt; ~ &lt;y&gt; ~ &lt;u&gt; ~ &lt;uy&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">fir</HI> (11x) ~ <HI REND="it">fuyr</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">fust</HI> (10x) (never <HI REND="it">fist</HI>);<note> Often shortened in Middle English.</note> <HI REND="it">hyre</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">huyre</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">kyen</HI> "kine" 6.143; <HI REND="it">wisshe</HI>
5.112.</P>


<p>The &lt;u&gt; ~ &lt;uy&gt; spellings are Western.<NOTE>See M. L. Samuels, "Langland's Dialect,"
<TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE>, 54 (1985), 241, 243; reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his
Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 70-85.</NOTE></P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">16. OE, ON /i/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;i&gt; ~ &lt;y&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">bitter</HI>; <HI REND="it">nyme</HI>; <HI REND="it">widewe</HI>; <HI REND="it">wight</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">17. OE, ON /i:/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;i&gt; ~ &lt;y&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">blithe</HI>; <HI REND="it">chide</HI>; <HI REND="it">knyf</HI>; <HI REND="it">lif</HI> (99x + compounds) ~ <HI REND="it">lyf</HI> (7x); <HI REND="it">ryde(n)</HI> (9x) ~ <HI REND="it">ride(n)</HI> (5x); <HI REND="it">wis(e)</HI> (36x) ~
<HI REND="it">wys</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">wyn</HI> "wine" (13x).<NOTE>The verb "win" is always spelt <HI REND="it">wynne</HI>.</NOTE></P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">18. OE, ON, OF /e/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;e&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">dowel</HI>; <HI REND="it">fe&thorn;ere</HI>; <HI REND="it">rekene</HI>; <HI REND="it">web(be)</HI>; <HI REND="it">wrecched</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">19. OE, ON, OF /e/ before lengthening clusters:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;e&gt; ~ &lt;ee&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">beest</HI> (6x) ~ <HI REND="it">beestes</HI> (33x) ~ <HI REND="it">bestes</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">elde</HI>; <HI REND="it">feeste</HI> (4x) ~ <HI REND="it">feste</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">festes</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">feld</HI> (6x) ~ <HI REND="it">feeld</HI>
(2x); <HI REND="it">selde</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">20. OE, ON, OF /e:/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;e&gt; ~ &lt;ee&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">bedeman</HI>; <HI REND="it">beches</HI>; <HI REND="it">contree</HI> (12x) ~ <HI REND="it">contre</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">deme</HI>; <HI REND="it">fede</HI> (9x) ~ <HI REND="it">feede</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">feet</HI>; <HI REND="it">grene</HI>; <HI REND="it">hede</HI>
"heed"; <HI REND="it">kene</HI>; <HI REND="it">kepe</HI> (34x) ~ <HI REND="it">keep</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">mede</HI>; <HI REND="it">swete</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">21. OE /&aelig;/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;a&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">apples</HI>; <HI REND="it">bak</HI>; <HI REND="it">blak</HI>; <HI REND="it">hadde</HI>; <HI REND="it">masse</HI>; <HI REND="it">wasshen</HI>; <HI REND="it">water</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">22. OE /&aelig;:/ (1) &amp; (2):</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;e&gt; ~ &lt;ee&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">bree&thorn;</HI>; <HI REND="it">clene</HI>; <HI REND="it">drede</HI>; <HI REND="it">er</HI>; <HI REND="it">leet</HI> (11x) ~ <HI REND="it">lete</HI> (12x); <HI REND="it">neddres</HI> (with shortening of the vowel); <HI REND="it">slepe</HI> ~
<HI REND="it">sleep</HI>; <HI REND="it">seed</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">sedes</HI>; <HI REND="it">teche</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">23. OE /&emacr;a/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;ee&gt; ~ &lt;e&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">breed</HI> (26x) ~ <HI REND="it">bred</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">deed</HI> (8x) ~ <HI REND="it">ded</HI> (2x) "dead"; <HI REND="it">deef</HI>; <HI REND="it">leef</HI>; <HI REND="it">rede</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">reed</HI> "red."</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">24. OE /eo/, /&emacr;o/ (and OF /ue/):</cell><CELL ROLE="examples" ID="L1.1.2.24">&lt;e&gt; ~ &lt;ee&gt; ~ (&lt;eo&gt;) ~ (&lt;u&gt;) ~
(&lt;uy&gt;)</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">burn</HI> "man" 11.366 ~ <HI REND="it">buyrn</HI> 16.188, 16.276 ~ <HI REND="it">Burnes</HI> 3.272, 12.70; <HI REND="it">cherl</HI>; <HI REND="it">crepe</HI>; <HI REND="it">depe</HI> (8x) ~ <HI REND="it">deep</HI>
(2x); <HI REND="it">frend</HI>; <HI REND="it">heo</HI> "she" (2x); <HI REND="it">herte</HI>; <HI REND="it">leode</HI> (7x) ~ <HI REND="it">lede</HI> (1x) "man"; <HI REND="it">leme</HI>; <HI REND="it">swerd</HI>; <HI REND="it">tree</HI>; <HI REND="it">&thorn;ef</HI> (4x) ~
<HI REND="it">&thorn;eef</HI> (3x).</P>


<p>The three words of Western distribution, <HI REND="it">bu(y)rn</HI>, <HI REND="it">leode</HI> and <HI REND="it">heo</HI>, retain Western rounding at least
in spelling, presumably because there was no London spelling convention for them. For the
&lt;eo&gt; forms see Samuels, "Langland's Dialect," 241-3.<NOTE>M. L. Samuels, "Langland's
Dialect," <TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE>, 54 (1985); reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 70-85.</NOTE> Before dentals and &lt;l&gt; the short /e/ arising from various OE sources including /&emacr;o/ goes to /i/ in <HI REND="it">fille</HI> "fell" (14.197, 16.111), <HI REND="it">&yogh;it</HI> (13x) vs. <HI REND="it">yet</HI> (40x), <HI REND="it">togid(e)re(s)</HI> (50x), etc. This is a feature of London English.</P>


<p>OF /ue/ gives rise to a few &lt;oe&gt; spellings:</P>


<p><HI REND="it">doel</HI> (4x);  <HI REND="it">moebles</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">mebles</HI> (9.87); <HI REND="it">meue</HI> (6x) ~ <HI REND="it">moeue</HI> (19.287) ~ <HI REND="it">moeuen</HI> (15.75); <HI REND="it">peple</HI>
(91x) <HI REND="it">poeple</HI> (1x).</P>
</DIV5>
</DIV4>

<DIV4 TYPE="section" N="Consonants">


<HEAD>1.2 Consonants:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">1. OE /hw/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;wh&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p>The spelling is consistent: <HI REND="it">whan</HI>, <HI REND="it">what</HI>, <HI REND="it">where</HI>, <HI REND="it">while</HI>, etc. There are no examples of &lt;qu&gt; or
&lt;w&gt;. Two examples of &lt;wh&gt; for &lt;w&gt;, <HI REND="it">where</HI> "were" 12.81,<NOTE>See the textual note
to this line.</NOTE> and <HI REND="it">whasshen</HI> "wash" 13.436, are therefore likely to be errors rather than
reverse spellings.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">2. OE, ON &lt;&thorn;&gt; and &lt;&eth;&gt;:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;&thorn;&gt; ~ &lt;Th&gt; ~ &lt;th&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p>The scribe uses &lt;&thorn;&gt; for the small letter and &lt;Th&gt; for the <FOREIGN LANG="lat"><HI REND="it">littera notabilior</HI></FOREIGN>. There are only two examples of &lt;&THORN;&gt;, both on fol. 61v (W11.103 and 112).  There are only a few cases of &lt;th&gt;, for example: <HI REND="it">fryth</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">hath</HI>
(1x); <HI REND="it">north</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">othere</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">south</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">with</HI> (5x); and in proper names of foreign origin: <HI REND="it">Astroth</HI>;
<HI REND="it">Makometh</HI>; <HI REND="it">Nazareth</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">3. OE /&scaron;/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;sh&gt; ~ &lt;ssh&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p>The spelling is &lt;sh&gt;, with &lt;ssh&gt; medially and finally after a short vowel: <HI REND="it">bisshop</HI>; <HI REND="it">childissh</HI>;
<HI REND="it">englissh</HI>; <HI REND="it">fissh</HI>; <HI REND="it">flessh</HI>; <HI REND="it">punysshe</HI>; <HI REND="it">shame</HI>; <HI REND="it">shaft</HI>; <HI REND="it">sheep</HI>; <HI REND="it">ship</HI>; <HI REND="it">sholde</HI> (never <HI REND="it">scholde</HI>).</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">4. OE, ON /sk/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;sk&gt; ~ (&lt;x&gt;) ~ (&lt;sc&gt;)</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">asked</HI> (11x) ~ <HI REND="it">axed</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">buskes</HI>; <HI REND="it">scole</HI>; <HI REND="it">skipte</HI>; <HI REND="it">skile</HI>; <HI REND="it">skynnes</HI>.</P>


<p>Spellings with initial &lt;sc&gt; are mainly from OF; e.g. <HI REND="it">scorne</HI>; <HI REND="it">scrippe</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE>
<ROW><CELL ROLE="citation form">5. OE /xt/:</cell><CELL ROLE="examples">&lt;&yogh;t&gt; ~ &lt;ght&gt;</CELL></ROW>
</TABLE></P>


<p>The spelling with &lt;&yogh;t&gt; predominates: <HI REND="it">almy&yogh;ty</HI> (12x) ~ <HI REND="it">almyghty</HI> (4x); <HI REND="it">bri&yogh;t(e)</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">bright(e)</HI>
(3x); <HI REND="it">fi&yogh;te</HI> (5x) ~ <HI REND="it">fight(e)</HI> (5x); <HI REND="it">no&yogh;t(e)</HI> (334x) ~ <HI REND="it">noght</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">ri&yogh;t(e)</HI> (76x) ~ <HI REND="it">right(e)</HI> (31x).</P>

<P>As a general rule the scribe prefers &lt;&yogh;&gt; to &lt;gh&gt; for the velar spirant: <HI REND="it">ei&yogh;en</HI> (20x) ~ <HI REND="it">eighen</HI> (6x); <HI REND="it">hei&yogh;(e)</HI> (32x) ~ <HI REND="it">heigh(e)</HI>
(10x); <HI REND="it">sei&yogh;(e)</HI> (36x) ~ <HI REND="it">seigh(e)</HI> (4x).</P>

</DIV4>
</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="morphology">
<HEAD>2. Morphology:</HEAD>


<DIV4 TYPE="section" N="final -e">

<HEAD>2.1 Metrical Considerations: The Status of Final &lt;-e&gt; and &lt;-en&gt;</HEAD>


<p>The scribe's writing of final &lt;-e&gt; is not random, but in words that are spelt with or without it the usage is motivated by etymology or analogical developments. So final &lt;-e&gt; can be used to mark the dative singular noun (2.2.3), the plural of the possessive pronouns <HI REND="it">myne</HI>, <HI REND="it">thyne</HI>, <HI REND="it">hise</HI> (2.3.3), and the definite and plural inflection
of adjectives (2.4).<NOTE>George Kane and E. Talbot Donaldson
remark on W's "careful handling of final -<HI REND="it">e</HI>," in <TITLE>Piers Plowman: The B Version</TITLE> (London: Athlone Press, 1975, 2nd impression 1988), pp. 214-16, note 184, though in note 179 (p. 215) they overstate W's consistency.</NOTE> The infinitive verb ending varies between &lt;-e&gt; and &lt;-en&gt;; the covered form offers the option of preventing the assimilation of &lt;-e&gt; before a following vowel or &lt;h&gt; (see 2.5.1). Both these phenomena resulting in &lt;-e&gt; or &lt;-en&gt; therefore have
metrical consequences which have been analysed by Duggan, who
discusses to what extent these features of the scribal language are
also features of Langland's dialect.<NOTE>Hoyt N. Duggan,
"Langland's Dialect and Final <HI REND="it">-e</HI>," <TITLE>Studies in the Age of Chaucer</TITLE> 12 (1990), 157-91. And see the two studies by M. L. Samuels, "Langland's Dialect," <TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE>, 54 (1985), especially 243-4; reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 70-85; and "Dialect
and Grammar," in <TITLE>A Companion to Piers Plowman</TITLE>, ed. John A. Alford (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 217-18.</NOTE></P>
</DIV4>

<DIV4 TYPE="section" N="Nouns">

<HEAD>2.2 Nouns:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.2.1 Nominative/Accusative Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">nil</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.2.2 Genitive Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">	&lt;-es&gt; ~ &lt;-s&gt; ~ (&lt;-is&gt;) ~ (&lt;-e&gt;) ~ (nil)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">Abrahames</HI> 16.185; <HI REND="it">Adames</HI> 11.201; <HI REND="it">bro&thorn;eres</HI> 10.279; <HI REND="it">Caymes</HI> 9.137;
<HI REND="it">disours</HI> 13.174; <HI REND="it">doweles</HI> 9.12 ~ <HI REND="it">dowelis</HI> 14.335; <HI REND="it">fadres</HI> 9.123 (cf. <HI REND="it">fader</HI> 16.91); <HI REND="it">Gabrielis</HI> 16.93; <HI REND="it">Hostilers</HI> 17.116; <HI REND="it">Iustices</HI> 16.95;<NOTE>The form with &lt;-es&gt; is noteworthy here since it is followed by a word beginning with &lt;s&gt;. Nine B manuscripts read <HI REND="it">Iustice son</HI>.</NOTE> <HI REND="it">ladies</HI> 20.344 (cf. <HI REND="it">lady</HI> 18.344); <HI REND="it">mannes</HI>; <HI REND="it">Pharaoes</HI> 7.179.</P>


<p>The usual ending is &lt;-es&gt;; the &lt;-is&gt; spelling is only after &lt;l&gt; and &lt;r&gt;.</P>


<p>With &lt;-e&gt;: <HI REND="it">heuene</HI> 14.165; <HI REND="it">soule</HI> 11.226.</P>


<p>Without ending: <HI REND="it">fader</HI> 16.91; <HI REND="it">lady</HI> 18.344; <HI REND="it">Marie</HI> 2.2;<NOTE>The form is ascribed to the influence of Latin feminine genitives by Tauno F. Mustanoja, <TITLE>A Middle English Syntax, Part 1: Parts of Speech</TITLE> (Helsinki: Soci&eacute;t&eacute; N&eacute;ophilologique, 1960), p. 72.</NOTE> <HI REND="it">moder</HI> 19.121.</p>

<p>With apocope: <hi rend="it">Iesus</hi> 18.103; 19.121; <TITLE>Piers</TITLE> 6.81 etc.; <HI REND="it">Prioresse</HI> 5.158.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.2.3 Dative Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">nil ~ &lt;-e&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">to bedde</HI> (vs. <HI REND="it">bed</HI> elsewhere) 6.102; <HI REND="it">wi&thorn; childe</HI> (vs. <HI REND="it">child</HI>) 7.110;
<HI REND="it">at home</HI> (vs. <HI REND="it">hom</HI>) 7.5; <HI REND="it">in-to house</HI> (vs. <HI REND="it">hous</HI>) 2.221; <HI REND="it">by my lyue</HI> (vs. <HI REND="it">lif</HI>) 6.104; <HI REND="it">bi his firste wyue</HI> (vs. <HI REND="it">wif</HI>) 9.19.</P>


<p>The ten examples of <HI REND="it">grounde</HI> all follow the prepositions <HI REND="it">a</HI>, <HI REND="it">aboue</HI>,
<HI REND="it">by</HI>, <HI REND="it">of</HI>, <HI REND="it">on</HI>, <HI REND="it">to</HI>. Only in 10.236 is the uninflected form used with a
preposition: <HI REND="it">vp-on &thorn;is ground</HI>. This illustrates the following
general pattern: when a noun has alternative spellings, one without
final &lt;-e&gt; and the other with, the former is the general form used
in all circumstances except as a genitive, while the latter is used
only after prepositions. Other nouns that follow this pattern are,
for example: <HI REND="it">boke</HI>, <HI REND="it">breste</HI>, <HI REND="it">daye</HI>, <HI REND="it">hande</HI>, <HI REND="it">kynge</HI>.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.2.4 Nominative/Accusative Plural:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-es&gt; ~ &lt;-s&gt; ~ (&lt;-is&gt;)
~ (&lt;-z&gt;) ~ &lt;-en&gt; ~ &lt;-n&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">abbotes</HI>; <HI REND="it">artz</HI> (2x); <HI REND="it">beggeris</HI> (17x); <HI REND="it">bodies</HI>; <HI REND="it">brawleris</HI>; <HI REND="it">cardinals</HI>;
<HI REND="it">clerkes</HI>; <HI REND="it">colours</HI>; <HI REND="it">ei&yogh;es</HI> (6x) (cf. <HI REND="it">eighen</HI> and <HI REND="it">ei&yogh;en</HI>); <HI REND="it">eris</HI>;
<HI REND="it">Experimentz</HI> 10.224; <HI REND="it">foes</HI> 13.326 (cf. <HI REND="it">foon</HI>); <HI REND="it">lolleris</HI>; <HI REND="it">lond-leperis
heremytes</HI> 15.221; <HI REND="it">Monyals</HI> 10.326; <HI REND="it">Religiouses</HI> 10.324; <HI REND="it">shoes</HI> 20.218 (cf. <HI REND="it">shoon</HI>); <HI REND="it">sustres</HI> 18.206 (cf. <HI REND="it">sustren</HI>); <HI REND="it">werkes</HI>, <HI REND="it">wordes</HI>; <HI REND="it">yeres</HI>.</P>


<p>The &lt;-is&gt; plural is used only after &lt;r&gt; and three times after &lt;l&gt;; thus <HI REND="it">gerlis</HI> 18.8
(beside <HI REND="it">gerles</HI> 1.35); <HI REND="it">foolis</HI> 10.41, 20.61.</P>


<p>With &lt;-en&gt; ~ &lt;-n&gt;: <HI REND="it">children</HI>; <HI REND="it">eighen</HI> and <HI REND="it">ei&yogh;en</HI> (26x); <HI REND="it">foon</HI> 5.97;
<HI REND="it">lambren</HI> 15.214; <HI REND="it">shoon</HI> 14.344; <HI REND="it">sustren</HI> 5.638.</P>


<p>Mutated: <HI REND="it">gees</HI> P.226; <HI REND="it">men</HI>; <HI REND="it">tee&thorn;</HI> 15.13.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.2.5 Genitive Plural:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-es&gt; ~ &lt;-s&gt; ~ (&lt;-is&gt;) ~ (&lt;-ene&gt;) ~ (&lt;-en&gt;)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">beggeris</HI> 4.126; <HI REND="it">losels</HI> 10.52; <HI REND="it">mennes</HI>; <HI REND="it">harlottes</HI>.</P>


<p>With &lt;-ene&gt; ~ &lt;-en&gt;: <HI REND="it">childrene</HI> 4.119; <HI REND="it">clerkene</HI> 4.121; <HI REND="it">Iewene</HI>
18.263; <HI REND="it">kyngene</HI> 1.106; <HI REND="it">wyuen</HI> 5.29.</P>
</DIV4>
<DIV4 TYPE="section" N="pronouns">

<HEAD>2.3 Pronouns</HEAD>

<DIV5 ID="L2.3.1" TYPE="section" N="nom.sg."><HEAD>2.3.1 Nominative Singular:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">1st Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">I</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">ich</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The form <HI REND="it">ich</HI> occurs 15x, always before &lt;h-&gt;, vowel or semivowel
(e.g. <HI REND="it">ich yede</HI> 7.157). Archetypal <HI REND="it">ik</HI> occurs in the phrase <HI REND="it">so thee
ik</HI> (5.229), where Langland's joke is at the expense of the Norfolk
dialect of Sir Hervey, as in Chaucer's <TITLE>Reeve's Tale</TITLE>.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2nd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">&thorn;ow</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">&thorn;ou</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">Thow</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">Thou</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The predominant forms are <HI REND="it">&thorn;ow</HI> (231x) and <HI REND="it">Thow</HI> (22x); the spelling
is <HI REND="it">&thorn;ou</HI> in 7.148 (twice), and <HI REND="it">Thou</HI> in 14.195.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">3rd Person: </CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Masculine:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">he</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Feminine:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">she</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">heo</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The two occurrences of <HI REND="it">heo</HI> (3.29, 5.644) are in alliterating
positions.<NOTE>See M. L. Samuels, "Langland's Dialect," <TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE>, 54 (1985), 232-47; reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and
his Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), pp. 70-85.  Kane-Donaldson emend <HI REND="it">he</HI> to <HI REND="it">he[o]</HI> twice in W18.170, where the <HI REND="bold">Bx</HI> reading must represent a form of "she" since it refers to Rightwisnesse.</NOTE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Neuter:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">it</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="acc.sg.">

<HEAD>2.3.2 Accusative and Dative Singular:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">1st Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">me</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2nd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">&thorn;ee</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">Thee</HI> once (3.270)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">3rd Person:</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Masculine:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">hym</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Feminine:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">hire</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">hir</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Neuter:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">it</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="gen.sg.">

<HEAD>2.3.3 Genitive Singular:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">1st Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">my</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">myn</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">myne</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">Myn</HI> (42x) occurs as a dependent possessive with singular nouns
before vowel or &lt;h&gt;, or disjunctively in 13.365. Its plural form is
<HI REND="it">myne</HI> (16x), used before vowel or &lt;h&gt;, disjunctively in 18.285,
18.336, or in absolute use to mean "my possessions" (6.151) or "my
people" (18.359).</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2nd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">&thorn;i</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">&thorn;y</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">Thi</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">&thorn;yn</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">Thyn</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">&thorn;in</HI>  ~ <HI REND="it">&thorn;yne</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The standard spelling is <HI REND="it">&thorn;i</HI>, with  <HI REND="it">&thorn;y</HI> 5x.  <HI REND="it">Thi</HI> is found at 2.124
only. The usage of the forms ending in &lt;-n(e)&gt; is as with the 1st
person: <HI REND="it">&thorn;yn</HI> (21x) ~ <HI REND="it">Thyn</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">&thorn;in</HI> (1.42 only) occurs as a
dependent possessive with singular nouns before vowel or &lt;h&gt;, or
disjunctively. Its plural form is <HI REND="it">&thorn;yne</HI> (7x), used before vowel or
&lt;h&gt;, or in absolute use to mean "thy possessions" in 13.158.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">3rd Person:</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Masculine:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">his</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">hise</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The general form is <HI REND="it">his</HI> used with singular and plural nouns: <HI REND="it">his
cofres</HI> 11.192. The inflected form <HI REND="it">hise</HI>, developed by analogy with
<HI REND="it">myne</HI> and <HI REND="it">&thorn;yne</HI>,  is used only with plural nouns and also 4x in
absolute use to mean "his people" (13.255, 17.271, 19.218, 20.60).</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Feminine:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">hire</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">hir</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>As in the accusative and dative, the forms with and without &lt;-e&gt; are used in free variation.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Neuter:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">his</HI> 12.258</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>

<p>The form <HI REND="it">is</HI> is found in 17.248 (perhaps in error for <HI REND="it">his</HI>).</P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 ID="L2.3.4" TYPE="section" N="nom.pl"><HEAD>2.3.4 Nominative Plural:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">1st Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">we</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>



<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2nd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">ye</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">3rd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">&thorn;ei</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">Thei</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">They</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">hij</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The three occurrences of <HI REND="it">hij</HI> (P.66, 1.58, 1.193) are in
alliterating positions.<NOTE>At 18.338 W shares the reading <HI REND="it">he</HI>
with Hm, where all other manuscripts have plural <HI REND="it">&thorn;ei</HI>. This is
likely to be an error in the subarchetype; there is no reason to
suppose that the reading is an archetypal form of "they."  At 10.479 and 13.222 the scribe has written <HI REND="it">&thorn;e</HI> for <HI REND="it">&thorn;ei</HI>, presumably in error.</NOTE></P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="acc.pl.">

<HEAD>2.3.5 Accusative and Dative Plural:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">1st Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">vs</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2nd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">yow</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">3rd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">hem</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="gen.pl.">
<HEAD>2.3.6 Genitive Plural:</HEAD>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">1st Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">oure</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P> 


<p>The form is never found without &lt;-e&gt;.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2nd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">youre</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The form without &lt;-e&gt; is found only once, in <HI REND="it">your-self</HI> (2.39).</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">3rd Person:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data"><HI REND="it">hir</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">hire</HI></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The forms with and without &lt;-e&gt; are used in free variation. There
are no oblique plural forms beginning with &lt;&thorn;-&gt;.</P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="self">

<HEAD>	2.3.7 Personal pronoun with "self":</HEAD>


<p>Forms are: <HI REND="it">my-self</HI> (-<HI REND="it">selue</HI>); <HI REND="it">&thorn;i-selue</HI> (-<HI REND="it">self</HI>, -<HI REND="it">seluen</HI>); <HI REND="it">hym-self</HI> (-<HI REND="it">selfe</HI>, -<HI REND="it">selue</HI>, -<HI REND="it">seluen</HI>); <HI REND="it">hir-selue</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">hire-self</HI> (-<HI REND="it">selue</HI>); <HI REND="it">oure-selue</HI>
13.36 ~ <HI REND="it">vs-selue</HI> 7.141; <HI REND="it">ye-self</HI> (subject) 16.128 ~ <HI REND="it">yow-self</HI>
(object) 16.129 ~ <HI REND="it">yow-selue</HI> (object and prepositional) P.200, 5.44,
10.290, 10.302 ~ <HI REND="it">your-self</HI> 2.39. Lines 16.128-9 offer an
instructive example. For line-terminal position the -<HI REND="it">selue(n)</HI> forms
are always used.  There are no <hi rend="it">-sulf</hi> forms.</P>
</DIV5>
</DIV4>


<DIV4 TYPE="section" N="adj & adv">

<HEAD>2.4 Adjectives and Adverbs</HEAD>


<p>Monosyllabic adjectives ending in a consonant follow definite and
indefinite inflexions; i.e. &lt;-e&gt; is added in the plural, and also
in the singular when used with the definite article, a
demonstrative adjective or a possessive pronoun. The practice may
be observed by looking at examples of "great":</p>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.4.1 Indefinite Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">nil</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><LIST>
<ITEM>11.261 <HI REND="it">a gret wille</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>12.74 <HI REND="it">of greet loue</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>12.292 <HI REND="it">&thorn;e bileue is gret</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>12.296 <HI REND="it">a greet mede </HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>13.363 <HI REND="it">a greet wit</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>14.57 <HI REND="it">ne gret lordes wra&thorn;e</HI><NOTE>Hence <HI REND="it">lordes</HI> is gen. sg.; cf. the
reading of L with pl. <HI REND="it">grete lordes</HI>.</NOTE></ITEM>

<ITEM>14.138 <HI REND="it">And greet likynge</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>14.246 <HI REND="it">of ful greet leng&thorn;e</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>18.134 <HI REND="it">weex greet wi&thorn; childe</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>18.314 <HI REND="it">with gret light</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>19.196 <HI REND="it">to greet Ioye</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>19.338 <HI REND="it">a greet Oost</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>20.20 <HI REND="it">at gret nede</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>

<p>The only exception is 8.9 <HI REND="it">men of grete witte</HI>, perhaps influenced by
the preceding plural noun.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.4.2 Definite Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><LIST>
<ITEM>12.268 <HI REND="it">Aristotle &thorn;e grete clerk</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>15.545 <HI REND="it">In &thorn;e holy grete god</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>18.101 <HI REND="it">for al his grete wounde</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>

<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.4.3 Plural:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><LIST>
<ITEM>13.84 <HI REND="it">wi&thorn; hise grete chekes</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>13.236 <HI REND="it">of &thorn;ise grete lordes</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>13.399 <HI REND="it">hise grete helpes</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>14.42 <HI REND="it">Vitailles of grete vertues</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>15.70 <HI REND="it">of hise grete my&yogh;tes</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>15.88 <HI REND="it">ye grete clerkes</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>16.83 <HI REND="it">bo&thorn;e grete and smale</HI></ITEM>

<ITEM>20.214 <HI REND="it">wi&thorn; seuene grete geauntz</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>

<p>Polysyllabic adjectives of French derivation ending in &lt;-ous&gt;
generally follow the same pattern: <HI REND="it">lecherous</HI> (sg.) 6.273 ~
<HI REND="it">lecherouse</HI> (pl.) 2.127; <HI REND="it">likerous</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">likerouse</HI> (pl.) 10.174
(though it is sg. in 10.171); <HI REND="it">precious</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">preciouse</HI> (pl.)
19.93. As a noun used adjectivally, <HI REND="it">religious</HI> observes the same
pattern, with &lt;-e&gt; always indicating the plural. However, no such
regular pattern accounts for the alternation between <HI REND="it">cristen</HI> and
<HI REND="it">cristene</HI>.</P>


<p>"All" has the following inflexions: sg. <HI REND="it">al</HI>, pl. <HI REND="it">alle</HI>, gen. pl. <HI REND="it">aller</HI> (16.213). "Both" as an adjective is always <HI REND="it">bo&thorn;e</HI>, with gen. <HI REND="it">bo&thorn;er</HI> (2.68) and <HI REND="it">bo&thorn;eres</HI> (18.39). As a correlative conjunction,
"both ... and," it is once <HI REND="it">Bo&thorn;</HI> (5.446).</P>




<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.4.4 Comparative:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-er(e)&gt; ~ &lt;-re&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">bettre</HI> 11.255; <HI REND="it">blesseder</HI> 11.255; <HI REND="it">bolder</HI> 7.199; <HI REND="it">clenner</HI> 19.251;
<HI REND="it">dou&yogh;tier</HI> 5.103; <HI REND="it">hyere</HI> 2.29.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.4.5 Superlative:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-est(e)&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">Boldest</HI> 13.299 ~ <HI REND="it">boldeste</HI> 18.418; <HI REND="it">brunneste</HI> 6.313; <HI REND="it">clennest</HI> 14.48;
<HI REND="it">dou&yogh;tieste</HI> 10.464; <HI REND="it">hyeste</HI> 12.142.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.4.6 Adjectives in &lt;-ly&gt;:</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The ending &lt;-ly&gt; varies with &lt;-lich&gt; and &lt;-liche&gt; (there are no
examples of &lt;-lye&gt; or &lt;-lie&gt;). There seems to be no clear pattern
of usage. The spelling <HI REND="it">louely</HI> (8x) is always used for the
attributive adjective, and <HI REND="it">loueliche</HI> (3x), <HI REND="it">louelich</HI> (1x),
<HI REND="it">vnlovelich</HI> (1x),  <HI REND="it">vnloveliche</HI> (1x) indiscriminately with or without
&lt;-e&gt; for the predicative before <HI REND="it">of</HI>: cf. 5.570 with 11.237. But
<HI REND="it">dedliche</HI> and <HI REND="it">dedly</HI> are both used before pl. <HI REND="it">synnes</HI> (9.220, 14.97).  While <HI REND="it">flesshliche</HI> precedes <HI REND="it">herte</HI> (19.168), <HI REND="it">comely</HI> and <HI REND="it">comly</HI> are also used attributively.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.4.7 Adverbs in &lt;-ly&gt;:</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>The same endings &lt;-ly&gt;, &lt;-lich&gt; and &lt;-liche&gt; are used as in
adjectives, and are equally unpatterned.<NOTE>See Hoyt N. Duggan,
"Langland's Dialect and Final <HI REND="it">-e</HI>," <TITLE>Studies in the Age of Chaucer</TITLE> 12
(1990), 157-91.</NOTE>  Comparative endings are &lt;-lier&gt; and &lt;-loker&gt;: <HI REND="it">frendlier</HI> 10.237; <HI REND="it">lightlier</HI> 15.501; <HI REND="it">li&yogh;tloker</HI> 5.588;
<HI REND="it">rapelier</HI> 17.69; <HI REND="it">wisloker</HI> 13.343. Superlatives end in &lt;-lokest&gt;:
<HI REND="it">hastilokest</HI> 19.474; <HI REND="it">wikkedlokest</HI> 10.437.</P>

</DIV4>

<DIV4 TYPE="section" N="verbs">

<HEAD>2.5 Verbs</HEAD>

<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="infinitive">

<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.1 Infinitive:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt; ~ &lt;-en&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">to kepe</HI> 17.5; <HI REND="it">knowe</HI> 17.9; <HI REND="it">laste</HI> 17.8; <HI REND="it">to louye</HI> 17.129; <HI REND="it">To rule</HI> 17.3;
<HI REND="it">see</HI> 17.4; <HI REND="it">siggen</HI> 17.31; <HI REND="it">to techen</HI> 17.42; <HI REND="it">vndertaken</HI> 17.17.</P>


<p>When the infinitive verb is followed by a vowel or &lt;h-&gt;, the &lt;-en&gt;
is common; thus all examples of <HI REND="it">kepen</HI> (8x), <HI REND="it">sitten</HI> (3x), and <HI REND="it">reden</HI>
(2x) precede vowels or &lt;h-&gt;. However there are many exceptions to
this. (Sometimes W has the ending against all other manuscripts; e.g. W18.416 <HI REND="it">abyen it</HI> vs. <HI REND="it">abye it</HI>.)</P>


<p>Endings derived from OE &lt;-ian&gt; verbs are quite well preserved; thus
the following infinitive forms with &lt;-i-&gt; or &lt;-y-&gt;: <HI REND="it">erie</HI> 6.4;
<HI REND="it">hatien</HI> 10.100; <HI REND="it">louyen</HI> 19.111; <HI REND="it">prikye</HI> 18.11; <HI REND="it">swerye</HI> 14.39; <HI REND="it">tilien</HI>
7.2; <HI REND="it">wanye</HI> 7.58; <HI REND="it">werien</HI> 14.343; <HI REND="it">wonye</HI> 2.109. This is a feature of
southwestern dialects.<NOTE>See M. L. Samuels, "Dialect and
Grammar," in <TITLE>A Companion to Piers Plowman</TITLE>, ed. John A. Alford
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988),
p. 217.</NOTE></P>
</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="gerund">

<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.2 Gerund:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-yng(e)&gt; ~ 
(&lt;-ing(e)&gt;)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p>In both the gerund and the pres. ppl. the ending is &lt;-yng&gt; with or
without final &lt;-e&gt; or looped &lt;g&gt; (on which see Transcription of the
Manuscript above). The forms appear in free variation.</P>


<p><HI REND="it">drynkynge</HI> 11.340; <HI REND="it">etynge</HI> 14.60; <HI REND="it">laughynge</HI> 18.429; <HI REND="it">slepyng</HI> P.10;
<HI REND="it">slepynge</HI> 5.6; <HI REND="it">Wenynge</HI> 20.33.</P>


<p>There are the following examples of the ending of the verbal noun
with the spelling &lt;-ing(e)&gt; after &lt;y&gt;:</p>


<p><HI REND="it">buryinge</HI> 11.80; <HI REND="it">deyinge</HI> 11.170, 13.418; <HI REND="it">deying</HI> 7.34, 18.219; <HI REND="it">Lyinge</HI>
13.321; <HI REND="it">seying</HI> 8.109; <HI REND="it">tulying</HI> 14.71.</P>


<p>The only other example of &lt;-ing&gt; is <HI REND="it">ingoing</HI> 5.649.</p> 

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="ing participle">


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.3 Present participle:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-yng(e)&gt; ~ 
(&lt;-inge&gt;)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">abidynge</HI> 19.295; <HI REND="it">dryuynge</HI> 20.99; <HI REND="it">etynge</HI> 10.108; <HI REND="it">hangyng</HI> 5.136;
<HI REND="it">hippynge</HI> 17.61; <HI REND="it">Lurkynge</HI> 2.218; <HI REND="it">sittynge</HI> 3.352;
<HI REND="it">slepynge</HI> 7.159; <HI REND="it">waggyng</HI> 8.31.</P>


<p>The only example of pres. ppl. &lt;-inge&gt; is after &lt;y&gt; in <HI REND="it">pleyinge</HI>
16.269, 18.172. There are no examples of other forms such as &lt;-ande&gt;, &lt;-ende&gt;, &lt;-inde&gt; or &lt;-enge&gt;.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.4. Imperative Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">nil ~ 
(&lt;-e&gt;)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">be</HI> 2.140; <HI REND="it">com</HI> 18.57 ~ <HI REND="it">come</HI> 5.591; <HI REND="it">Coueite</HI> 5.592; <HI REND="it">et</HI> 14.55 ~ <HI REND="it">Ete</HI>
6.268; <HI REND="it">Go</HI> 1.47; <HI REND="it">hold</HI> 18.150; <HI REND="it">keep</HI> 6.270; <HI REND="it">lakke</HI> 2.49; <HI REND="it">Lat</HI> 6.272; <HI REND="it">rys</HI>
6.271 <HI REND="it">sitte</HI> 6.270; <HI REND="it">Tak</HI> 12.158; <HI REND="it">tel</HI> 1.46.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.5. Imperative Plural:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-(e)&thorn;&gt; ~ 
&lt;-e&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">Be&thorn;</HI> 10.457; <HI REND="it">clawe&thorn;</HI> 10.302; <HI REND="it">come&thorn;</HI> 20.73; <HI REND="it">correcte&thorn;</HI> 10.302; <HI REND="it">fare&thorn;</HI>
13.182; <HI REND="it">gyue&thorn;</HI> 17.270; <HI REND="it">harewe&thorn;</HI> 19.318; <HI REND="it">Holde&thorn;</HI> 20.245; <HI REND="it">kenne&thorn;</HI> 6.14;
<HI REND="it">Make&thorn;</HI> 6.14; <HI REND="it">spynne&thorn;</HI> 6.13; <HI REND="it">Wade&thorn;</HI> 5.587.</P>


<p>The form with &lt;-e&gt; (without ending in stems in &lt;-e&gt;) is used before a subject pronoun:</p>


<p><HI REND="it">be</HI> 3.87; <HI REND="it">Deuyne</HI> P.209; <HI REND="it">Loke</HI> 5.594; <HI REND="it">stynte</HI> 5.595;<NOTE>In these
lines 5.594-5 (KD5.575-6) Kane-Donaldson emend the second person plural
pronouns to singular to match the singular pronouns of the
surrounding passage.</NOTE> <HI REND="it">wasshe</HI> 5.587.</P>
</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="Pres. Indicative">


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.6 Present 1st Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt; ~ (nil)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">hailse</HI> 5.102; <HI REND="it">holde</HI> 5.421; <HI REND="it">leeue</HI> P.34; <HI REND="it">seye</HI> P.201; <HI REND="it">shonye</HI> 5.170;
<HI REND="it">swere</HI> 5.229; <HI REND="it">walke</HI> 5.148; <HI REND="it">warne</HI> P.207; <HI REND="it">wisse</HI> 1.43.</P>


<p>As in OE, stems ending in a vowel have no inflexion: <HI REND="it">do</HI> 5.115; <HI REND="it">se</HI> P.201.</p>



<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.7 Present 2nd Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-est&gt; ~ &lt;-st&gt; ~ (&lt;-ist&gt;) ~ (&lt;-xt&gt;)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">beest</HI> 5.608; <HI REND="it">coueitest</HI> 11.11; <HI REND="it">Getest</HI> 18.364; <HI REND="it">greuest</HI> 14.121; <HI REND="it">lernest</HI>
4.11; <HI REND="it">lyuest</HI> 2.127; <HI REND="it">lixt</HI> 5.164;<note> The form derives from a contracted present of OE l&emacr;ogan.</note> <HI REND="it">mayst</HI> 19.484; <HI REND="it">my&yogh;test</HI> P.214; <HI REND="it">my&yogh;t</HI>
6.227; <HI REND="it">seest</HI> 12.174; <HI REND="it">woost</HI> 3.181.</P>


<p>The usual ending is &lt;-(e)st&gt;. The only example of &lt;-ist&gt; is <HI REND="it">seist</HI>
6.236, 18.435.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.8 Present 3rd Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&thorn;&gt; ~ &lt;-&thorn;&gt; ~ (&lt;-eth&gt;) ~ (&lt;-th&gt;) ~ &lt;-t&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">ake&thorn;</HI> 6.263; <HI REND="it">bere&thorn;</HI> 11.160; <HI REND="it">bit</HI> (&lt; <HI REND="it">bidden</HI>) 7.72; <HI REND="it">breke&thorn;</HI> 4.59; <HI REND="it">falle&thorn;</HI>
8.38; <HI REND="it">fare&thorn;</HI> 13.53; <HI REND="it">fynde&thorn;</HI> 15.185 ~ <HI REND="it">fynt</HI> (6x); <HI REND="it">forfrete&thorn;</HI> 16.30; <HI REND="it">goo&thorn;</HI>
17.38; <HI REND="it">halt</HI> 17.106 ~ <HI REND="it">holde&thorn;</HI> 13.405; <HI REND="it">pleie&thorn;</HI> 19.296; <HI REND="it">putte&thorn;</HI> 12.229;
<HI REND="it">rest</HI> P.170; <HI REND="it">ryt</HI> (&lt; <HI REND="it">ryden</HI>) 4.13; <HI REND="it">sei&thorn;</HI> 18.32 ~ <HI REND="it">seith</HI> 7.135; <HI REND="it">sheweth</HI>
17.157; <HI REND="it">smyt</HI> 11.429; <HI REND="it">smy&thorn;e&thorn;</HI> 3.330; <HI REND="it">stant</HI> 18.45; <HI REND="it">streng&thorn;e&thorn;</HI> 8.47;
<HI REND="it">wanye&thorn;</HI> 8.39.<note> Contracted forms on stems ending in a dental consonant (e.g. <hi rend="it">bit</hi>, <hi rend="it">fynt</hi>, <hi rend="it">halt</hi>, etc.) are used in southern texts.</note></P>


<p>For "tells lies" (OE <HI REND="it">l&ymacr;h&thorn;</HI>) the forms are <HI REND="it">lie&thorn;</HI> and <HI REND="it">lye&thorn;</HI> (1.70,
10.116); for "lies down" (OE <HI REND="it">l&imacr;&thorn;</HI>) the forms are <HI REND="it">lith</HI>, <HI REND="it">li&thorn;</HI>,
and <HI REND="it">ly&thorn;</HI> (12.258, 1.126, 4.61).</P>


<p>OE preterite-present verbs without inflexion in the present 1st and
3rd sg. are, e.g.: <HI REND="it">dar</HI> P.209; <HI REND="it">kan</HI> P.199; <HI REND="it">May</HI> 1.63; <HI REND="it">Shal</HI> 2.34; <HI REND="it">woot</HI>
5.182.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.9 Present Plural:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data" ID="L2.5.9">&lt;-e&gt; ~ &lt;-en&gt; ~ 
&lt;-e&thorn;&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">abiden</HI> 15.317; <HI REND="it">abite</HI> "bite" 16.27; <HI REND="it">aren</HI> (7x) ~ <HI REND="it">arn</HI> (29x) ~ <HI REND="it">be&thorn;</HI>
(16x); <HI REND="it">aske</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">asken</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">aske&thorn;</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">borwe&thorn;</HI> 20.285; <HI REND="it">burione&thorn;</HI>
15.79; <HI REND="it">crauen</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">craue&thorn;</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">dwelle</HI> (3x) ~ <HI REND="it">dwelle&thorn;</HI> (1x);
<HI REND="it">fecche</HI> 9.182; <HI REND="it">fynde</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">fynden</HI> (4x) ~ <HI REND="it">fynde&thorn;</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">folwe&thorn;</HI> 3.355;
<HI REND="it">holde&thorn;</HI> 1.45; <HI REND="it">smyte&thorn;</HI> 17.327; <HI REND="it">teche</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">techen</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">teche&thorn;</HI> (2x);
<HI REND="it">write&thorn;</HI> 14.211.</P>


<p>The minority form is &lt;-e&thorn;&gt;, yet it is not uncommon. Samuels points
out that this plural form is very rare in the London English of
Chaucer, but is retained in Southern and Southwestern areas until
after Langland's death. He also comments on the form <HI REND="it">aren</HI> in
alliterating position as evidence for Langland's west midland
dialect.<NOTE>M. L. Samuels, "Dialect and Grammar," in <TITLE>A Companion
to Piers Plowman</TITLE>, ed. John A. Alford (Berkeley and Los Angeles:
University of California Press, 1988), pp. 209, 216.</NOTE>  Some
of the &lt;-e&gt; ~ &lt;-en&gt; forms will historically be subjunctives since
they occur in contexts where a subjunctive is to be expected.</P>


<p>The plural forms of preterite-present verbs are, for example: <HI REND="it">kan</HI>
~ <HI REND="it">konne</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">konne&thorn;</HI>; <HI REND="it">may</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">mowe</HI> ~ <HI REND="it">mowen</HI>; <HI REND="it">shul</HI>; <HI REND="it">wite</HI>.</P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="Subjunctive">

<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.10 Subjunctive Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt; ~ (nil)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">carpe</HI> 17.136; <HI REND="it">do</HI> 3.312; <HI REND="it">gladie</HI> 18.261; <HI REND="it">Iangle</HI> 4.157; <HI REND="it">folwe</HI> 3.7;
<HI REND="it">gyue</HI> 2.123; <HI REND="it">like</HI> 11.24; <HI REND="it">rede</HI> 4.5; <HI REND="it">werche</HI> 3.7.</P>


<p>The forms are the same as those of the 1st indic. sg.</P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="Preterite">

<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.11 Weak Verbs:</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>

<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Preterite 1st Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-ed&gt; ~ &lt;-ede&gt; ~ &lt;-de&gt; ~ &lt;-te&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">affrayned</HI> 16.287; <HI REND="it">awakede</HI> 14.346; <HI REND="it">bablede</HI> 5.8; <HI REND="it">boldede</HI> 3.200;
<HI REND="it">courbed</HI> 1.80; <HI REND="it">deide</HI> 18.375; <HI REND="it">dwelde</HI> 20.343; <HI REND="it">lokede</HI> 14.53; <HI REND="it">makede</HI>
9.139; <HI REND="it">paide</HI> 6.96; <HI REND="it">waitede</HI> 13.343; <HI REND="it">Wente</HI> P.4.</P>


<p>The forms with &lt;-ed&gt; and &lt;-ede&gt; are in free variation. The endings
&lt;-id(e)&gt; ~ &lt;-yd&gt; do not occur.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.12 Preterite 2nd Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-dest&gt; ~ &lt;-edest&gt; ~ &lt;-test&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">a-resonedest</HI> 12.220; <HI REND="it">brou&yogh;test</HI> 1.78; <HI REND="it">conseiledest</HI> 3.207; <HI REND="it">deidest</HI>
19.172; <HI REND="it">graddest</HI> 19.430; <HI REND="it">laddest</HI> 7.205; <HI REND="it">Lakkedest</HI> 11.416; <HI REND="it">madest</HI>
5.233; <HI REND="it">robbedest</HI> 18.345; <HI REND="it">tau&yogh;test</HI> 14.195.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.13 Preterite 3rd Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-ed&gt; ~ &lt;-ede&gt; ~ &lt;-de&gt; ~ &lt;-te&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">abosted</HI> 6.157; <HI REND="it">armede</HI> 20.115; <HI REND="it">asked</HI> 5.310 ~ <HI REND="it">askede</HI> 20.330; <HI REND="it">baptised</HI>
16.262; <HI REND="it">beknede</HI> 10.426; <HI REND="it">blessede</HI> 11.233; <HI REND="it">deide</HI> 10.364; <HI REND="it">demed</HI>
10.393; <HI REND="it">dremed</HI> 8.69; <HI REND="it">folwede</HI> 11.26; <HI REND="it">mamelede</HI> 11.413; <HI REND="it">paied</HI> 5.218;
<HI REND="it">wailede</HI> 14.346; <HI REND="it">wente</HI> 13.222; <HI REND="it">wepte</HI> 2.238.</P>


<p>The forms are of course the same as those for the 1st singular.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.14 Preterite Plural:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-ed&gt; ~ &lt;-ede&gt; ~ &lt;-eden&gt; ~ &lt;-de&gt; ~ &lt;-den&gt; ~ &lt;-t&gt; ~ &lt;-ten&gt;</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">amendeden</HI> 15.115; <HI REND="it">amortisede</HI> 15.325; <HI REND="it">apposede</HI> 1.48; <HI REND="it">awaiteden</HI>
16.145; <HI REND="it">blustreden</HI> 5.531; <HI REND="it">cared</HI> 2.164; <HI REND="it">cryden</HI> P.225; <HI REND="it">deyden</HI> 18.367;
<HI REND="it">demede</HI> 19.145; <HI REND="it">digged</HI> 6.110; <HI REND="it">eriede</HI> 19.268; <HI REND="it">hateden</HI> 18.308; <HI REND="it">herde</HI>
(1x) ~ <HI REND="it">herden</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">made</HI> 20.300 ~ <HI REND="it">maden</HI> 10.420 ~ <HI REND="it">maked</HI> 6.192;
<HI REND="it">parceyued</HI> 18.248; <HI REND="it">pleiden</HI> P.20; <HI REND="it">sente</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">senten</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">tendeden</HI>
18.245; <HI REND="it">vsede</HI> 20.65 ~ <HI REND="it">vseden</HI> 12.127; <HI REND="it">went</HI> (9x) ~ <HI REND="it">wenten</HI> (10x);
<HI REND="it">wepten</HI> 7.37; <HI REND="it">woundede</HI> 20.301.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.15 Past Participle:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-ed&gt; ~ &lt;-t&gt; (with or without &lt;y-&gt;
prefix)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">abasshed</HI> 10.305; <HI REND="it">acombred</HI> 1.34; <HI REND="it">ascaped</HI> 6.80; <HI REND="it">ybarred</HI> 19.164;
<HI REND="it">called</HI> (13x) ~ <HI REND="it">ycalled</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">clo&thorn;ed</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">yclo&thorn;ed</HI> (6x);<NOTE>In
1.3 the &lt;y-&gt; prefix <HI REND="it">yclo&thorn;ed</HI> is necessary for the metre of the b-verse, as most of the scribes recognise; in 13.277 (where it is
again line-end) it is not, and seven manuscripts read
<HI REND="it">clothed</HI>.</NOTE> <HI REND="it">demed</HI> 3.312; <HI REND="it">diademed</HI> 3.293; <HI REND="it">yentred</HI> 10.386;
<HI REND="it">yglosed</HI> 17.11; <HI REND="it">yhated</HI> 9.107; <HI REND="it">maked </HI>5.405 ~ <HI REND="it">ymaked</HI> 6.190 ~ <HI REND="it">maad</HI> 5.279; <HI REND="it">vsed</HI>
18.389 ~ <HI REND="it">yvsed</HI> 16.155; <HI REND="it">went</HI> 3.287.</P>


<p>The W scribe is more conservative than others in the preservation
of the &lt;y-&gt; prefix, retaining it even on verb-stems of more than
one syllable; e.g.: <HI REND="it">yherberwed</HI> 5.234 (against all other
manuscripts); <HI REND="it">yperissed</HI> 17.190; even <HI REND="it">yrebuked</HI> 14.173 (where it is
necessary for the metre, but against all other manuscripts).</P>



<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.16 Strong Verbs:</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>

<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">Preterite 1st Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">nil</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">cam</HI> 15.14 ~ <HI REND="it">com</HI> 13.24; <HI REND="it">gat</HI> 4.81; <HI REND="it">knew</HI> 19.418; <HI REND="it">song</HI> 19.210; <HI REND="it">sau&yogh;</HI> 5.9
~ <HI REND="it">sei&yogh;</HI> "saw" P.50; <HI REND="it">spak</HI> 19.377.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.17 Preterite 2nd Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt; (often with vowel gradation)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">breke</HI> 18.293; <HI REND="it">gete</HI> 18.341; <HI REND="it">knewe</HI> 11.32; <HI REND="it">leighe</HI> "lied" 18.415; <HI REND="it">speke</HI>
19.77; <HI REND="it">toke</HI> 20.7.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.18 Preterite 3rd Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">nil</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">brak</HI> 1.113; <HI REND="it">cam</HI> P.114 ~ <HI REND="it">com</HI> 2.192 ~ <HI REND="it">Coom</HI> 20.343; <HI REND="it">gaf</HI> 2.71; <HI REND="it">gat</HI>
1.35; <HI REND="it">knew</HI> 2.228; <HI REND="it">song</HI> 18.438; <HI REND="it">spak</HI> 5.217; <HI REND="it">stood</HI> P.182.</P>


<p>The forms are of course the same as those for the 1st singular.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.19 Preterite Plural:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt; ~ &lt;-en&gt; ~ nil</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">cam</HI> 13.34 ~ <HI REND="it">come</HI> 4.45 ~ <HI REND="it">coome</HI> 19.343 ~ <HI REND="it">comen</HI> P.24; <HI REND="it">dronke</HI> 14.86;
<HI REND="it">geten</HI> 20.156; <HI REND="it">knew</HI> 12.227 ~ <HI REND="it">knewe</HI> 11.235 ~ <HI REND="it">knewen</HI> 12.151; <HI REND="it">sei&yogh;e</HI>
"saw" 17.50; <HI REND="it">stode</HI> 18.86 ~ <HI REND="it">stoode</HI> 14.256; <HI REND="it">Songen</HI> 18.331; <HI REND="it">toke</HI> 19.39
~ <HI REND="it">token</HI> 4.79.</P>

</DIV5>
<DIV5 TYPE="section" N="Preterite Subjunctive">


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.20 Preterite Subjunctive Singular:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt; (often with vowel
gradation)<note>It is sometimes maintained that Middle
English has a preterite subjunctive plural, but the form which
was sometimes distinct from the indicative in Old English had become
indistinguishable in Middle English, and the use of the
subjunctive in Middle English is in any case unsystematic.</note></CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">come</HI> 5.542 ~ <HI REND="it">coome</HI> 19.425; <HI REND="it">dronke</HI> 20.19; <HI REND="it">stode</HI> 19.366.</P>


<p>The forms are the same as the 2nd singular.</P>


<P><TABLE><ROW><CELL ROLE="label">2.5.21 Past Participle:</CELL><CELL ROLE="data">&lt;-e&gt; ~ &lt;-en&gt; (with and without &lt;y-&gt;
prefix)</CELL></ROW></TABLE></P>


<p><HI REND="it">bake</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">ybake</HI> (4x) ~ <HI REND="it">ybaken</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">comen</HI> 16.96; <HI REND="it">dronke</HI> (1x) ~
<HI REND="it">dronken</HI> (3x, twice attributively) ~ <HI REND="it">ydronke</HI> (3x); <HI REND="it">founde</HI> (4x) ~
<HI REND="it">yfound</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">yfounden</HI> (1x); <HI REND="it">geten</HI> 5.298; <HI REND="it">gyuen</HI> (1x) ~ <HI REND="it">ygyue</HI> (1x);
<HI REND="it">holden</HI> (14x) ~ <HI REND="it">yholde</HI> (2x) ~ <HI REND="it">yholden</HI> (2x); <HI REND="it">yholpe</HI> 17.62; <HI REND="it">knowen</HI>
P.56 ~ <HI REND="it">yknowe</HI> 11.229 ~ <HI REND="it">yknowen</HI> 11.401; <HI REND="it">taken</HI> 1.155 ~ <HI REND="it">ytake</HI> 11.260;
<HI REND="it">wonne</HI> (4x) ~ <HI REND="it">ywonne</HI> (3x).</P>


<p>For comments on the retention of the &lt;y-&gt; prefix, see weak verbs,
paragraph 2.5.15.</P>
</DIV5>
</DIV4>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>

<Div2 TYPE="part" N="list of manuscripts" id="IV">
<HEAD>IV.  List of Manuscript Sigils</HEAD>

<P>The following list of sigils of the manuscripts of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE> differs in some respects from the traditional sigils used since Skeat's edition.  To a degree the inconsistencies in the sigils reflect the sequence of discovery of the relationships among them.  If we were to use the traditional sigils, we would court ambiguity in an electronic text with identical sigils representing different manuscripts and different sigils identifying single manuscripts.  British Library Additional 10574, for instance, has no sigil for <HI REND="bold">A</HI>, is <HI REND="bold">B</HI>'s Bm, and <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s L.  We have, therefore, chosen to represent each manuscript with a unique sigil.</P>

<P>For descriptions of the <HI REND="bold">B</HI> manuscripts see George Kane and E. Talbot Donaldson, eds., <TITLE>Piers Plowman: The B Version, Will's Visions of Piers Plowman, Do-Well, Do-Better and Do-Best: An Edition in the Form of Trinity College Cambridge MS B.15.17, Corrected and Restored from the Known Evidence, with Variant Readings.</TITLE>, rev. ed. (London, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1988), 1-15; A. I. Doyle, "Remarks on Surviving Manuscripts of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE>," in <TITLE>Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature: Essays in Honour of G. H. Russell</TITLE>, ed. G. Kratzmann and James Simpson (Cambridge, 1986), 35-48; and C. David Benson and Lynne Blanchfield, <TITLE>The Manuscripts of Piers Plowman: The B-Version</TITLE> (Cambridge, 1997).</P>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="B sigils">

<HEAD>1.  B Manuscripts</HEAD>
<P><table>

<row><cell role="label">C</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, MS Dd.1.17</cell></row>
<row><cell role="label">C<HI REND="sup">2</HI></cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, MS Ll.4.14</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Cr<HI REND="sup">1</HI></cell><cell role="data"><TITLE>THE VISION / of Pierce Plowman, now / fyrste imprynted by Roberte / Crowley, dwellyng in Ely /
rentes in Holburne</TITLE> (London, 1505 [1550]).  STC 19906.</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Cr<HI REND="sup">2</HI></cell><cell role="data"><TITLE>The vision of / Pierce Plowman, nowe the seconde time imprinted / by Roberte Crowley dwellynge in
Elye rentes in Holburne. / Whereunto are added certayne notes and cotations in the / mergyne, geuynge light to the Reader. . . .</TITLE> (London, 1550).  STC 19907a.<note> Robert Carter Hailey (personal communication) informs us that the <title>Short Title Catalogue</title> designations are confused.  Cr<hi rend="sup">2</hi> is actually 19907a and 19907 is Cr<hi rend="sup">3</hi>. See his unpublished dissertation, "Giving light to the reader: Robert Crowley's editions of <title>Piers Plowman</title> (1550)," (University of Virginia, 2001).</note></cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Cr<HI REND="sup">3</HI></cell><cell role="data"><TITLE>The vision of / Pierce Plowman, nowe the seconde tyme imprinted /  by Roberte Crowley dwellynge in Elye rentes in Holburne / Whereunto are added certayne notes and cotations in the / mergyne, geuyng light to the Reader. . . .</TITLE>  (London, 1550).  STC 19907</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">F</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Corpus Christi College, MS 201</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">G</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Cambridge University Library,
MS Gg.4.31</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Hm, Hm<HI REND="sup">2</HI></cell><cell role="data">San Marino, Huntington Library, MS 128 (<foreign lang="lat">olim</foreign> Ashburnham 130)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Jb<NOTE TYPE="textual"> This manuscript, like Sb and Wb below, is not described in the above sources, but they are listed by Ralph Hanna, III in <TITLE>William Langland</TITLE>, Authors of the Middle Ages, 3 (Aldershot, Hants.: Variorum, 1993), p. 40.</NOTE></cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS James 2, part 1</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">L</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Laud Misc. 581 (S. C. 987)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">M</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Additional
35287</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">O</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Oriel College, MS 79</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">R</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Lansdowne 398; Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson Poetry 38 (S. C. 15563)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">S</cell><cell role="data">Tokyo, Toshiyuki Takamiya, MS 23 (<FOREIGN LANG="LAT">olim</FOREIGN> London, Sion College MS Arc. L.40 2/E)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Sb<NOTE TYPE="textual"> This manuscript is not described in the above sources, but it is listed by Ralph Hanna, III in <TITLE>William Langland</TITLE>, Authors of the Middle Ages, 3 (Aldershot, Hants.: Variorum, 1993), p. 40.</NOTE></cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Sloane 2578</cell></row>


<row><cell role="label">W</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Wb<NOTE TYPE="textual"> This manuscript is not described in the above sources, but it is listed by Ralph Hanna, III in <TITLE>William Langland</TITLE>, Authors of the Middle Ages, 3 (Aldershot, Hants.: Variorum, 1993), p. 40.</NOTE></cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Wood donat. 7</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Y</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Newnham College, MS 4 (the Yates-Thompson manuscript)</cell></row>

</table></P>
</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="A sigils">
<HEAD>2.  A Manuscripts</HEAD>
<P><table>
<row><cell role="label">A</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 1468 (S. C. 7004)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">D</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 323</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">E</cell><cell role="data">Dublin, Trinity College, MS 213, D.4.12</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Ha</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Harley 875, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s H)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">J</cell><cell role="data">New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M 818 (the Ingilby manuscript)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">La</cell><cell role="data">London, Lincoln's Inn, MS Hale 150, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s L)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Ma</cell><cell role="data">London, Society of Antiquaries, MS 687, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s M)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Pa</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Pembroke College fragment, MS 312 C/6, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s P)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Ra</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson Poetry 137, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s R)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">U</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, University College, MS 45</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">V</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Eng. poet. a.1 (the Vernon MS)</cell></row>
</TABLE></P>
</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="C sigils">
<HEAD>3.  C Manuscripts</HEAD>
<P><table>

<row><cell role="label">Ac</cell><cell role="data">London, University of London Library, MS S.L. V.17, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s A)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Ca</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College 669/646, fol. 210</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Dc</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 104, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s D)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Ec</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Laud Misc. 656, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s E)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Fc</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, University Library, MS Ff.5.35, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s F)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Gc</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, University Library, MS Dd.3.13, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s G)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Hc</cell><cell role="data">The fragment, <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> Cambridge, John Holloway, a damaged bifolium, presently in the private collection of Martin Sch&oslash;yen, Oslo, Norway, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s H)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">I</cell><cell role="data">London, University of London Library, MS S.L. V.88 (the Ilchester manuscript, <foreign lang="lat">olim</foreign> <hi rend="bold">C</hi>'s J)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Kc</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Digby 171, <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s K</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Mc</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Cotton Vespasian B.xvi, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s M)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Nc</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Harley 2376, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s N)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">P</cell><cell role="data">San Marino, Huntington Library, MS Hm 137 (<foreign lang="lat">olim</foreign> Phillipps 8231)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">P<HI REND="sup">2</HI></cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Additional 34779 (<foreign lang="lat">olim</foreign> Phillipps 9056)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Q</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, University Library, MS Additional 4325</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Rc</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Royal 18.B.xvii, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s R)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Sc</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 293, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s S)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Uc</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Additional 35157, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s U)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Vc</cell><cell role="data">Dublin, Trinity College, MS 212, D.4.1</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">X</cell><cell role="data">San Marino, Huntington Library, MS Hm 143</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Yc</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Digby 102, (<FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s Y)</cell></row>
</TABLE></P>
</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="AB sigils">
<HEAD>4.  AB Splices</HEAD>
<P><table>
<row><cell role="label">H</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Harley 3954, <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s H<HI REND="sup">3</HI> and <HI REND="bold">B</HI>'s H</cell></row>
</TABLE></P>

</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="AC sigils">
<HEAD>5.  AC Splices</HEAD>
<P><table>

<row><cell role="label">Ch</cell><cell role="data">Liverpool, University Library, MS F.4.8 (the Chaderton manuscript)</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">H<HI REND="sup">2</HI></cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Harley 6041</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">K</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Digby 145, <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s K and <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s D<HI REND="sup">2</HI></cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">N</cell><cell role="data">Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, MS 733B, <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s N and <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s N<HI REND="sup">2</HI></cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">T</cell><cell role="data">Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.3.14</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Wa</cell><cell role="data"><FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> the Duke of Westminster's manuscript.  Sold at Sotheby, London, 11 July 1966, lot 233, to Quaritch for a British private collector.<NOTE> Ralph Hanna, III, <TITLE>William Langland</TITLE>, Authors of the Middle Ages, 3 (Aldershot, Hants.: Variorum, 1993), p. 39.</NOTE>  Its present location is unknown to us. <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">A</HI>'s W and <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s W</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Z</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 851</cell></row>
</TABLE></P>
</DIV3>

<DIV3 TYPE="section" N="ABC sigils">
<HEAD>6.  ABC Splices</HEAD>

<P><table>
<row><cell role="label">Bm</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Additional
10574, <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s L</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Bo</cell><cell role="data">Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 814 (S. C. 2683), <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s B</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Cot</cell><cell role="data">London, British Library, MS Cotton Caligula A.xi, <FOREIGN LANG="lat">olim</FOREIGN> <HI REND="bold">C</HI>'s O</cell></row>

<row><cell role="label">Ht</cell><cell role="data">San Marino, Huntington Library, MS Hm114 (<FOREIGN LANG="LAT">olim</FOREIGN> Phillipps 8252)</cell></row>
</TABLE></P>

</DIV3>
</DIV2>

<DIV2 TYPE="section" N="Bibliography">
<HEAD>Bibliography</HEAD>

<Div3 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Editions</HEAD>

<BIBL N="biblio">Allen, Hope Emily. <TITLE>Writings Ascribed to Richard Rolle.</TITLE> London: Oxford University Press, 1927. Reprinted Gloucester: Sutton, 1988.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Brewer, Charlotte, and A. G. Rigg, eds. <TITLE LEVEL="m">Piers Plowman: A Facsimile of the Z-Text of Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Bodley 851</TITLE>. 
Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Brown, Carleton. <TITLE>Religious Lyrics of the XIVth Century.</TITLE> Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Kane, George, ed. <TITLE LEVEL="m">Piers Plowman: The A Version: Will's Visions of Piers Plowman and Do-Wel, An Edition in the Form of Trinity College Cambridge MS R.3.14 Corrected from Other Manuscripts, with Variant Readings</TITLE>. 
London: Athlone Press, 1960, rev. ed., 1988.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Kane, George, and E. Talbot Donaldson, eds. <TITLE>Piers Plowman: The B Version</TITLE>, 2d ed.  London: Athlone Press; Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Kane, George, and George Russell, eds. <TITLE>Piers Plowman: The C Version</TITLE>.  London: Athlone Press; Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Morris, Richard, ed. <TITLE LEVEL="m">The Pricke of Conscience (Stimulus Conscientiae):  A Northern Poem by Richard Rolle de Hampole</TITLE>.  Berlin, 1863.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Ogilvie-Thomson, S. J., ed. <TITLE>Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse</TITLE>. EETS 293. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Pearsall, Derek, ed. <TITLE LEVEL="m">William Langland: Piers Plowman. The C-Text</TITLE>.  2d ed., Exeter Medieval English Texts and Studies.  Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1994.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Rigg, A. G., and Charlotte Brewer, eds. <TITLE LEVEL="m">William Langland: Piers Plowman: The Z Version</TITLE>.   Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1983.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Schmidt, A. V. C.,  ed.  <TITLE LEVEL="m">William Langland, The Vision of Piers Plowman.  A Critical Edition of the B-Text Based on Trinity College Cambridge MS B.15.17 with selected variant readings, an Introduction, glosses, and a Textual and Literary
Commentary</TITLE>.  London, Melbourne, and Toronto: J. M. Dent &amp; Sons Ltd.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1978, 2d ed.; London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.; Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1995.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">&mdash;, ed.  <TITLE>William Langland,  Piers Plowman: A Parallel-Text Edition of the A, B, C and Z Versions: Vol. 1. Text</TITLE>.  London and New York: Longman, 1995.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Skeat, W. W., ed. <TITLE LEVEL="m">The Vision concerning Piers the Plowman together with Vita de Dowel, Dobet, et Dobest secundum Wit and Resoun by William Langland: Part 2.  The "Crowley" Text: or Text B.</TITLE>  EETS OS 38.  London: Oxford
University Press, 1869.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">&mdash;, ed. <TITLE LEVEL="m">The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman, in Three Parallel Texts</TITLE>.  2 vols.  Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Wright, Thomas, ed. <TITLE LEVEL="m">The Vision and the Creed of Piers Ploughman</TITLE>. London: Pickering, 1842; revised ed 1856.</BIBL>

</DIV3>

<Div3 TYPE="section" N="Studies">
<HEAD>Studies</HEAD>

<BIBL N="biblio">Adams, Robert. "The Reliability of the Rubrics in the B-Text of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE>." <TITLE>Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE> 54 (1985): 208-31.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Benskin, Michael, and Margaret Laing. "Translations and Mischsprachen in Middle English Manuscripts." In <TITLE>So Meny People Longages and Tonges</TITLE>, ed. Michael Benskin and M. L. Samuels. Edinburgh: Middle English Dialect Project, 1981, pp. 55-106.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Benson, C. David, and Lynne S. Blanchfield. <TITLE>The Manuscripts of Piers Plowman: the B-version</TITLE>. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1997.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Brewer, Charlotte. <TITLE LEVEL="m">Editing Piers Plowman: The Evolution of the Text</TITLE>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Doyle, A. I. "Remarks on Surviving Manuscripts of <TITLE>Piers Plowman</TITLE>." in <TITLE>Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature: Essays in Honour of George H. Russell</TITLE>. Ed. Gregory Kratzmann and James Simpson.  Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986, pp. 35-48.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Doyle A. I., and M. B. Parkes. "The Production of Copies of the <TITLE>Canterbury Tales</TITLE> and the <TITLE>Confessio Amantis</TITLE> in the Early Fifteenth
Century." In <TITLE LEVEL="m">Medieval Scribes, Manuscripts and Libraries: Essays Presented to N. R. Ker, ed. M. B. Parkes and Andrew G. Watson.</TITLE> London: Scolar Press, 1978, pp. 163-210.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">&mdash;.  "The Copyist of the Ellesmere <TITLE>Canterbury Tales</TITLE>." in <TITLE>The Ellesmere Chaucer: Essays in Interpretation</TITLE>.  Ed. Martin Stevens and Daniel Woodward. San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, and Tokyo: Yoshudo, 1995, pp. 49-67.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Doyle, A. I., and M. B. Parkes. "A Paleographical Introduction." in <TITLE>The Canterbury Tales. Geoffrey Chaucer. A Facsimile and Transcription of the Hengwrt Manuscript, with Variants from the Ellesmere Manuscript, A Variorum Edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer</TITLE>, vol. 1. ed. Paul G. Ruggiers. Norman, Okla.: Pilgrim Press, 1979, pp. xix-xlix.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Duggan, Hoyt N.  "Langland's Dialect and Final -<HI REND="it">e</HI>." <TITLE LEVEL="s">Studies in the Age of Chaucer</TITLE> 12 (1990): 157-91.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Hanna III, Ralph. <TITLE>Authors of The Middle Ages, 3: William Langland.</TITLE> Aldershot: Variorum, 1993.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">&mdash;. <TITLE>Index of Middle English Prose, Handlist 1, A Handlist of Manuscripts in the Henry E. Huntington Library.</TITLE> Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1984.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">&mdash;. "Notes toward a Future History of Middle English Literature: Two Copies of Richard Rolle's <TITLE>Form of Living</TITLE>." in <TITLE>Chaucer in Perspective</TITLE>. ed. Geoffrey Lester. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999, pp. 279-300.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">James, Montague Rhodes. <TITLE>The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge</TITLE>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Mustanoja, Tauno F. <TITLE LEVEL="m">A Middle English Syntax: Part I: Parts of Speech</TITLE>.  M&eacute;moires de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; N&eacute;ophilologique de Helsinki, no. 23.  Helsinki: Soci&eacute;t&eacute; N&eacute;ophilologique, 1960.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Parkes, M. B.  <TITLE>Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West.</TITLE> Aldershot: Scolar, 1992.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Samuels, M. L. "Some Applications of Middle English
Dialectology." <TITLE>English Studies</TITLE> 44 (1963), 81-94. Reprinted in <TITLE LEVEL="m">Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems</TITLE> by Angus McIntosh, M. L. Samuels and Margaret Laing, edited and introduced by Margaret Laing. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989, pp. 64-80.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">&mdash;  "Chaucer's Spelling." In <TITLE>Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis</TITLE>, ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983, pp. 17-37. Reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith.  Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989, pp. 23-37.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">&mdash;  "Langland's Dialect." <TITLE LEVEL="s">Medium &AElig;vum</TITLE> 54 (1985): 232-47.  Reprinted in <TITLE>The English of Chaucer and his Contemporaries</TITLE>, ed. J. J. Smith. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989, pp. 70-85.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">&mdash;.  "Dialect and Grammar." In <TITLE LEVEL="m">A Companion to Piers Plowman</TITLE>, ed. John A. Alford.  Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988.</BIBL>

<BIBL N="biblio">Smith, Jeremy J. "The Language of the Ellesmere Manuscript." In <TITLE>The Ellesmere Chaucer: Essays in Interpretation</TITLE>, ed. Martin Stevens and Daniel Woodward. San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, and Tokyo: Yoshudo, 1995, pp. 69-86.</BIBL>
</div3>
</DIV2>
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